BIO 150 A&P I > Unit 2: Ch 5 (Histology) > Flashcards

Unit 2: Ch 5 (Histology) Flashcards

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1
Q

Glands*

  • Description
  • Parts
  • Components
  • Types
A
  • Function: Move/secrete substances
  • Parts: Stroma & parenchyma
  • Components: Capsule & septa or trabeculae (further categorized into lobes/lobules or globule/globules
  • Types:
    • Endocrine glands
    • Exocrine glands
    • Some organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions (ie liver, gonads, pancreas)
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2
Q

-blasts

A

Immature cell

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3
Q

-cyte(s)

A

Mature cell

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4
Q

Adherens junction*

[review lecture audio]

A
  • A protein complex located at the junction between epithelial cells, which are subjected to stretching and pulling, yet require tight contact between them so they can function as a single unit
    • An element of the cell-cell junction in which cadherin receptors bridge the neighboring plasma membranes via their homophilic interactions.
    • Cadherins associate with cytoplasmic proteins called catenins, which in turn bind to cytoskeletal components, such as actin filaments and microtubules
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5
Q

Adhesive Glycoproteins

A
  • Bind tissue components together
  • Mark paths that guide migrating embryonic cells to their destinations in a tissue
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6
Q

Adipose Tissue*

  • Cells
  • Blood supply
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Cells:
    • Adipocytes
    • Filled with triglycerides
  • Blood Supply: Vascular
  • Functions
    • Contributes to body contours
    • Anchors and cushions organs
    • Provides thermal insulation (white/yellow & brown fat)
  • Locations
    • Subcutaneous fat beneath the skin
    • Examples: Breast, heart surface, mesenteries, surrounding organs such as kidneys & eyes
  • Notes
    • Nucleus always found on the periphery of the cell; pressed against the plasma membrane
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7
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A
  • Bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing extracellular membrane-bound vesicles
  • The apical portion of the secretory cell of the gland pinches off and enters the lumen
  • Found primarily in the breast of lactating mammals (i.e. the mammary glands are apocrine glands)
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8
Q

Areolar Tissue Functions

A
  • Binds epithelial cells to deeper tissues
  • Allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through to other tissues
  • Arena for immune defense
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9
Q

Areolar Tissue*

  • Description
  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Blood supply
A
  • The most common, plentiful, and diverse tissue
  • Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue, whose blood vessels provide the epithelium with nutrition, waste removal, and a supply of leukocytes
  • Cells: All 6 types
  • Fibers
    • All 3 types
    • Random directions
  • Blood supply: Vascular
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10
Q

Biopsy

A

The removal and microscopic examination of a sample of living tissue

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11
Q

Blood*

  • Components
  • Blood supply
  • Functions
A
  • Components
    • Collectively called formed elements
      • Erythrocytes / Red blood cells (RBCs)
      • Leukocytes / White blood cells (WBCs)
      • Blood platelets
    • Doesn’t exhibit fibers, except when it clots
  • Blood supply: Vascular
  • Functions
    • Transports cells & dissolved matter through blood vessels
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12
Q

Bone Types*

A
  • Spongy bone (internal portion of bone)
  • Compact bone (hard & strong with calcium and phosphate molecules)
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13
Q

Brown Fat*

A
  • Mainly in fetuses, infants, and children
    • Concentrated in fat pads in the shoulders, upper back, and around the kidneys
  • Stores lipids in the form of multiple globules rather than one large globule
  • Notes
    • Color comes from the abundance of blood vessels and enzymes in its mitochondria
    • Mitochondria oxidative pathway is not linked to ATP synthesis
    • Oxidized fat energy is released as heat
    • Hibernating animals accumulate brown fat in preparation for winter
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14
Q

Cartilage*

  • Description
  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Blood supply
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Start as chondroblasts that become trapped in lacunae, and then become chondrocytes surrounded by perichondrium _(_only in hyaline and elastic cartilage)
  • Matrix is rich in chondroitin sulfate
  • Surrounded by perichondrium (only the hyaline & elastic fibers)
  • Cells
    • Chondroblasts
    • Chondrocytes
  • Fibers
    • Hyaline
    • Collagen
    • Fibrocartilage
  • Blood supply
    • Avascular
  • Functions
    • Provide shape and support
    • Examples: ear, nose, thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple)
  • Locations
    • Fetal bones, ears, intervertebral discs, places of flexibility
  • Notes
    • Chondrocytes takes longer to heal because it is avascular, meaning that it relies upon diffusion for blood supply
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15
Q

Cell Junctions*

  • Description
  • Functions
  • Types
A
  • The connection between one cell and another
  • Enable cells to resist stress, communicate with each other, and control the movement of substances through tissues
  • Types
    • Tight junction (structural junction)
    • Adherens (structural junction)
    • Desmosomes (structural junction)
    • Hemidesmosomes (structural junction)
    • Gap junction (communicating junction)
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16
Q

Chondro-

A

Cartilage

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17
Q

Collagen fibers*

  • Description
  • Appearance
A
  • Most abundant protein in the body
  • Appearance
    • Thicker than elastic fibers
    • Glistening white appearance, often called white fibers
  • Function
    • Form the fibers of many connective tissues in places such as the dermis, tendons, and bones
    • Important for the functionality of strength (the thicker it is, the stronger it is)
    • Resist stretching
    • Base of gelatin, leather, and glue
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18
Q

Compact Bone*

  • Cells
  • Components
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Cells
    • Osteoblasts/osteocytes
    • Lacunae
  • Structure
    • Osteon: functional unit of a compact bone
    • Periosteum
    • Cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones
    • Canaliculi: allows for communication/transportation of messages and physically connect osteocytes
  • Components
    • Calcium & phosphate molecules
  • Functions
    • Allows for communication and transportation of messages
    • Physically connects osteocytes
  • Locations: Surrounds spongy bone
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19
Q

Cells found in the connective tissues*

A
  • Adipocytes: Fat cells that provide insulation, shock absorption, and energy storage
  • Fibroblasts: Create fibers of extracellular matrix
  • Leukocytes: White blood cells (immunity/protection)
  • Macrophages: Performs phagocytosis
  • Mast cells: Release histamines
  • Plasma cells: Antibodies and immunity
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20
Q

Fibers that form the connective tissues*

  • Fiber Types
A
  • Ground substance/extracellular matrix
    • Collagen fibers: strength
    • Elastic fibers: Thin; allow for movement in tissue (ie heart and lung expansion)
    • Reticular fibers: lymphatic & immune systems
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21
Q

Connective Tissue Functions*

A
  • Binding of organs
  • Support
  • Physical protection
  • Immune protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Heat production
  • Transport
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22
Q

Connective Tissue Ground Substance

A
  • Absorbs compressive forces and, like the styrofoam packing in a shipping carton, protects the more delicate cells from mechanical injury
  • Usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from 3 classes of large molecules:
    • Glycosaminoglycans
    • Proteoglycans
    • Adhesive glycoproteins
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23
Q

Connective tissue types*

A
  • Loose Connective Tissue
    • Areolar
    • Reticular
  • Dense Connective Tissue
    • Dense regular
    • Dense irregular
  • Notes
    • The anatomical difference between the two types is how much space is between the cells
    • The difference between dense tissue is how the collagen fibers are arranged in a plane
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24
Q

Connective Tissue*

  • Description
  • Types
  • Parts
A
  • Most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues
  • Connective tissue types
    • Fibrous tissue
      • Loose connective tissue
        • Areolar
        • Reticular
      • Dense connective tissue
        • Dense regular
        • Dense irregular
    • Adipose tissue
    • Cartilage
    • Bone
      • Spongy
      • Compact/Dense
    • Blood
  • Parts
    • Cells
    • Matrix (aka extracellular matrix)
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25
Cutaneous Membrane
* The largest membrane of the body; the skin * Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis - _keratinized_) that rests on a layer of connective tissue (dermis)
26
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue\* * Cells * Fibers * Blood supply * Functions * Locations
* Cells * Few visible * Located in _3 planes_ * Fibers * Collagen * Randomly arranged * Blood supply * Vascular * Scarce * Functions * Withstands unpredictable stresses * Locations * Skin * Around viscera such as liver, kidney, spleen * Fibrous sheaths around cartilages and bones
27
Dense Regular Connective Tissue\* * Cells * Fibers * Blood supply * Functions * Locations
* Cells * Fibroblasts (compressed in the nuclei) * Fibers * Elastic * Collagen * Parallel; wavy-like pattern * Blood supply * Scarce blood vessels (results in slow healing) * Functions * Ligaments tightly bind bones together and resist stress * Tendons attach muscle to bone and transfer muscular tension to bones * Locations * Tendons * Ligaments
28
Desmosomes * Functions * Locations
* Functions * Serve to keep cells from pulling apart and enable tissues to resist mechanical stress * A patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans * Cannot prevent substances from passing around them and going between the cells * Locations * Common in the epidermis, the epithelium of the uterine cervix * Notes * Not continuous * The basal cells of epithelium are similarly linked to the underlying basement membrane by half-desmosomes called _hemidesmosomes_
29
Anatomical & physiological differences between keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelia\*
* Anatomical * Presence or lack of keratin * Physical * Nonkeratinized have living cells throughout * Keratinized are superficial layers that contain dead cells
30
Elastic Fibers\* * Description * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Ability of the skin, lungs, and arteries to spring back after they are stretched * Elasticity is not the ability to stretch, but the tendency to recoil when tension is released * Made of elastin coated with a glycoprotein (fibrillin) * Appearance * Thinner than collagenous fibers * Branch and rejoin each other * Always covered by perichondrium * Functions * Provides flexible, elastic support * Locations * External ear * Epiglottis
31
3 Embryonic Tissue Layers\*
* Embryonic development is the first 8 weeks after conception * All tissues arise from the following germ layers * _Ectoderm_ * Gives rise to the epidermis (outermost cutaneous layer) and nervous system * _Endoderm_ * Gives rise to mucous membranes lining (the beginning and ending) of the digestive and respiratory tracts * Digestive glands * Reproductive system * _Mesoderm_ * Gives rise to muscle, bone, blood * Important for connective tissues
32
Epithelial Cell Surfaces & Membrane\*
* Apical surface * Most superior/superficial layer * Lateral surface * 2 lateral surfaces for each epithelial cell * Found on the periphery/sides * Basal surface * Most inferior layer * Connects with the basement membrane * Basement membrane * Anchor for epithelial cells * Binds growth factors from below that regulate epithelial development * Contains collagen, glycoproteins, and other protein-carb complexes
33
Epithelial Tissues\* * Description * Classifications * Functions * Locations
* Typically exhibit a high rate of mitosis * Distinct apical, lateral & basal surfaces * Always _avascular_: relies on diffusion to maintain homeostasis * Classifications * Simple epithelial * Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified * Stratified epithelial * Squamous (keratinized/nonkeratinized), cuboidal, columnar, urothelium/transitional * Functions * Secretion * Absorption * Locations * Cover organs * Line organs * Glandular: secretions from glands
34
Excretion
* A gland product that is not useful to the body (such as urine and bile)
35
Exocrine Gland Classification\*
* Classified according to the branching of their ducts and the appearance and extent of their secretory portions 1. # of cells present * _Unicellular_ * _Multicellular_ 2. Type of duct present * _Simple_: a single unbranched duct * _Compound_: have a branched duct 3. Shape of the secretory portion * _Tubular_: looks like a test tube * _Acinus_: circular/round * _Tubuloacinar_: combination between tubular and round
36
Fibrocartilage * Description * Functions * Locations
* Strongest of the 3 fibers * Identified by chondrocytes being in lines or small clusters * Parallel collagen fibers * _Never_ has a perichondrium * Functions * Resists compression and absorbs shock * Often a transitional tissue between dense connective tissue and _hyaline_ cartilage * Locations * At joints where tendons insert on bones near articular hyaline cartilage * Pubic symphysis * Intervertebral discs * Menisci; pads of shock-absorbing cartilage in knee joint
37
Gap Junction
* A communicating junction * Formed by a connexon, which consists of 6 membrane proteins arranged in a ring, somewhat like the segments of an orange, surrounding a water-filled channel * Example: heart
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Glands
* **Endocrine** * Secrete substances that circulate through the bloodstream * ie hormones, thyroid and pituitary glands * **Exocrine** * Groups * Merocrine/Eccrine * Secrete their substances by exocytosis * Uses exocytosis * ie salivary, tears, sweat * Apocrine * A portion of the secreting cell's body is lost during secretion * Uses cytoplasm in the cell * ie breast milk * Holocrine * The entire cell disintegrates to secrete its substances * ie oil glands * Types * Serous * Mucous * Sebaceous
39
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) * Composition * Function
* **Composition**: _Amino sugars_ and _uronic acid_ * **Function**: * Regulate water and electrolyte balance of tissues * Negatively charged and tend to attract sodium and potassium ions, which in turn cause them to absorb and retain water * **Example**: The most common GAG is _chondroitin sulfate_
40
Goblet Cells
* Always found with columnar cell shapes * Large cells that contain mucus * Acts as a lubricant * Traps pathogens
41
Hyaline Cartilage * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Appearance * Clear, glassy matrix; cannot see individual fibers * Collagen fibers * No perichondrium * Functions * Eases joint movements * Holds airway open during respiration * Moves vocal cords during speech * Locations * Covers the ends of bones at movable joints * Supportive rings and plates around trachea and bronchi * A boxlike enclosure around the larynx * Much of the fetal skeleton
42
Lateral surface
* The "sidewall" of a cell
43
Leukocytes or White Blood Cells (WBCs) * Description * 5 Types
* Defense against infection and other diseases * Primarily in connective tissues * Larger than RBCs * Conspicuous nuclei * 5 types (distinguished in part by shape) * Neutrophils * Eosinophils * Basophils * Lymphocytes * Monocytes
44
Loose Connective Tissue Types
* Areolar Tissue * Reticular Tissue
45
Matrix
* Fibrous proteins * Ground substance * Tissue fluid * ECF or interstitial fluid
46
Membrane Types\*
* Mucous membrane (mucosa) * Serous membrane (serosa) * Cutaneous membrane * Synovial membrane
47
Mucous Glands
* Found in the oral and nasal cavities * Secrete a glycoprotein, called _mucin_ * After it is secreted, mucin absorbs water and forms the sticky product, _mucus_
48
Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)\* * Description * Functions * Locations
* Lines passages that open to the exterior environment * Have _goblet_ cells * Consists of 2-3 layers * Muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle (involuntary) * Lumina propria * Epithelium * Functions * Absorptive * Secretory * Protective functions * Locations * Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
49
Muscular Tissue * Definition * Representative Locations
* Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction * Locations * Skeletal muscles * Heart (cardiac muscle) * Walls of viscera (smooth muscle)
50
Nervous Tissue * Description * Locations
* Contain excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells * Locations * Brain * Spinal cord * Nerves
51
Osteo-
Bone
52
Pseudostratified epithelial\* * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Appearance * Appears multi-layered, but all cells reach the basement membrane * Often appear columnar or triangular * Has _goblet_ cells * Technically a simple epithelial cell * Functions * Secrets and propels mucus * Locations * Respiratory tract from the nasal cavity to bronchi * Portions of the male urethra
53
Red Blood Cells (RBC) ## Footnote *(aka Erythrocytes)*
* Most abundant * Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide * Look like pink discs with thin, pale centers and no nuclei
54
Reticular fiber\* * Description * Functions * Locations
* Part of the basement membrane * Thin collagen fibers coated with _glycoproteins_ * Forms supportive _stroma_ framework for lymphatic organs * Locations * Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
55
Secretion
* A gland product that is useful to the body (such as an enzyme or hormone)
56
Secretion glands\*
* Serous glands * Produce thin, watery secretions * ie Perspiration, milk, tears, digestive juices * Mucous glands * Produce mucin * ie respiratory system * Mixed glands * Contain both cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions * ie Salivary glands
57
Serous Glands
* Produce relatively thin, watery fluids such as perspiration, milk, tears, and digestive juices
58
Serous Membrane (Serosa)\*
* A smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid * Visceral layer: inner layer that covers organs in body cavities * Parietal layer: lines the body wall
59
Simple columnar epithelial\* * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Appearance * Tall/narrow cells * Have _goblet_ cells * Functions * Absorption * Secretion of mucus * Movement of egg and embryo in the uterine tube * Locations * Inner lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus * Respiratory system
60
Simple cuboidal epithelial\* * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Appearance * Squarish or round cells * Single-layer * Functions * Absorption and secretion * Production of protective mucous coat * Movement of respiratory mucus * Locations * Often in glands * Liver * Thyroid * Mammary * Salivary glands
61
Simple squamous epithelial\* * Appearance * Function * Location
* Appearance * Thin & scaly * "Fried egg" with a bulge * Single-layer * Functions * Diffusion * Secretes lubricating serous fluid * Locations * Air sacs of lungs, kidneys, inner lining of heart & blood vessels, serous membranes
62
Spongy Bone\* * Cells * Functions * Locations
* Cells * Trabeculae * Covered by compact bone * Functions * Bone marrow * Blood platelet formation * WBC, RBC & stem cells * Locations * Heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones (ie sternum)
63
Stratified columnar epithelial\* * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Appearance * Column shaped * Multi-layered * Have goblet cells * Functions * Protection * Secretion * Locations * Rare; seen where two other epithelial types meet * Pharynx, larynx, anal canal, male urethra
64
Stratified cuboidal epithelial\* * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Appearance * Surface cells are square or round * Functions * Contributes to sweat secretion * Secretes ovarian hormones * Produces sperm * Locations * Sweat gland ducts * Egg-producing vesicles of ovaries * Sperm-producing ducts
65
Stratified squamous keratinized (cornified) epithelial\* * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Appearance * Multi-layered * Cells become increasingly flat and scaly toward the surface * Covered with a layer of compact dead cells without nuclei * Functions * Resists abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms * Retards water loss through the skin * Locations * Skin * Palms and soles of feet
66
Stratified squamous _nonkeratinized_ epithelial\* * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Appearance * Same as keratinized, without a layer of dead cells * Have living cells throughout * Functions * Resists abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms * Locations * Tongue, esophagus, vagina, anal canal
67
Stratified urothelium epithelial\* *(aka stratified transitional epithelial)* * Appearance * Functions * Locations
* Similar to stratified squamous cells, but round, not flat, and often bulge at the surface * The only epithelium that can be binucleated * Functions * Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract * Protects underlying tissues from osmotic damage by urine * Lines the organs of the urinary system * Locations * Unique to the urinary tract * Urine is usually acidic and hypertonic to the intracellular fluid * It would draw water out of the cells by osmosis and kill them if there were nothing to protect them * Part of kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra * Notes * Outer phospholipid layer protected by _umbrella cells_ * The plasma membrane is thicker than usual and has dense patches called lipid rafts with embedded proteins called _uroplakins_
68
Synovial membrane\*
* Secrets synovial fluid around the joints * Has "within normal limits" range
69
Tight Junctions
* Encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells * Think of a plastic harness on a 6-pack of cans * Interlocking proteins seal-off the intercellular space and make it difficult for substances to pass between cells and digesting the underlying connective tissue * Help to prevent bacteria from invading the tissues, and they _ensure the most nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them_
70
Tissue
* Two or more cells physically coming together with a common structure and function * Composed of cells and matrix * Matrix is composed of fibers and ground substance
71
4 tissue types & classes
* Epithelial * Connective * Nervous * Muscular * Skeletal * Cardiac * Smooth muscle
72
Vascular
* Has a blood supply; not dependent on diffusion for oxygen * Opposite is _avascular_
73
White (or yellow) fat\* * Description * Function * Appearance
* The most significant adipose tissue * More abundant than brown fat * Doesn't have as many mitochondria * Has a single large, central globule of triglyceride * Function * More of a storage connective tissue as opposed to thermal regulation/cushioning * Contributes to body contours such as breasts and hips
74
Why is blood in the connective tissue category?
* It is composed of more ground substance than cells * It is produced by the connective tissues of the bone marrow and lymphatic organs
BIO 150 A&P I
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