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BIO 150 A&P I > Unit 2: Ch 5 (Histology) > Flashcards

Unit 2: Ch 5 (Histology) Flashcards

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1
Q

Glands*

  • Description
  • Parts
  • Components
  • Types
A
  • Function: Move/secrete substances
  • Parts: Stroma & parenchyma
  • Components: Capsule & septa or trabeculae (further categorized into lobes/lobules or globule/globules
  • Types:
    • Endocrine glands
    • Exocrine glands
    • Some organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions (ie liver, gonads, pancreas)
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2
Q

-blasts

A

Immature cell

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3
Q

-cyte(s)

A

Mature cell

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4
Q

Adherens junction*

[review lecture audio]

A
  • A protein complex located at the junction between epithelial cells, which are subjected to stretching and pulling, yet require tight contact between them so they can function as a single unit
    • An element of the cell-cell junction in which cadherin receptors bridge the neighboring plasma membranes via their homophilic interactions.
    • Cadherins associate with cytoplasmic proteins called catenins, which in turn bind to cytoskeletal components, such as actin filaments and microtubules
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5
Q

Adhesive Glycoproteins

A
  • Bind tissue components together
  • Mark paths that guide migrating embryonic cells to their destinations in a tissue
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6
Q

Adipose Tissue*

  • Cells
  • Blood supply
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Cells:
    • Adipocytes
    • Filled with triglycerides
  • Blood Supply: Vascular
  • Functions
    • Contributes to body contours
    • Anchors and cushions organs
    • Provides thermal insulation (white/yellow & brown fat)
  • Locations
    • Subcutaneous fat beneath the skin
    • Examples: Breast, heart surface, mesenteries, surrounding organs such as kidneys & eyes
  • Notes
    • Nucleus always found on the periphery of the cell; pressed against the plasma membrane
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7
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A
  • Bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing extracellular membrane-bound vesicles
  • The apical portion of the secretory cell of the gland pinches off and enters the lumen
  • Found primarily in the breast of lactating mammals (i.e. the mammary glands are apocrine glands)
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8
Q

Areolar Tissue Functions

A
  • Binds epithelial cells to deeper tissues
  • Allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through to other tissues
  • Arena for immune defense
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9
Q

Areolar Tissue*

  • Description
  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Blood supply
A
  • The most common, plentiful, and diverse tissue
  • Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue, whose blood vessels provide the epithelium with nutrition, waste removal, and a supply of leukocytes
  • Cells: All 6 types
  • Fibers
    • All 3 types
    • Random directions
  • Blood supply: Vascular
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10
Q

Biopsy

A

The removal and microscopic examination of a sample of living tissue

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11
Q

Blood*

  • Components
  • Blood supply
  • Functions
A
  • Components
    • Collectively called formed elements
      • Erythrocytes / Red blood cells (RBCs)
      • Leukocytes / White blood cells (WBCs)
      • Blood platelets
    • Doesn’t exhibit fibers, except when it clots
  • Blood supply: Vascular
  • Functions
    • Transports cells & dissolved matter through blood vessels
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12
Q

Bone Types*

A
  • Spongy bone (internal portion of bone)
  • Compact bone (hard & strong with calcium and phosphate molecules)
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13
Q

Brown Fat*

A
  • Mainly in fetuses, infants, and children
    • Concentrated in fat pads in the shoulders, upper back, and around the kidneys
  • Stores lipids in the form of multiple globules rather than one large globule
  • Notes
    • Color comes from the abundance of blood vessels and enzymes in its mitochondria
    • Mitochondria oxidative pathway is not linked to ATP synthesis
    • Oxidized fat energy is released as heat
    • Hibernating animals accumulate brown fat in preparation for winter
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14
Q

Cartilage*

  • Description
  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Blood supply
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Start as chondroblasts that become trapped in lacunae, and then become chondrocytes surrounded by perichondrium _(_only in hyaline and elastic cartilage)
  • Matrix is rich in chondroitin sulfate
  • Surrounded by perichondrium (only the hyaline & elastic fibers)
  • Cells
    • Chondroblasts
    • Chondrocytes
  • Fibers
    • Hyaline
    • Collagen
    • Fibrocartilage
  • Blood supply
    • Avascular
  • Functions
    • Provide shape and support
    • Examples: ear, nose, thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple)
  • Locations
    • Fetal bones, ears, intervertebral discs, places of flexibility
  • Notes
    • Chondrocytes takes longer to heal because it is avascular, meaning that it relies upon diffusion for blood supply
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15
Q

Cell Junctions*

  • Description
  • Functions
  • Types
A
  • The connection between one cell and another
  • Enable cells to resist stress, communicate with each other, and control the movement of substances through tissues
  • Types
    • Tight junction (structural junction)
    • Adherens (structural junction)
    • Desmosomes (structural junction)
    • Hemidesmosomes (structural junction)
    • Gap junction (communicating junction)
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16
Q

Chondro-

A

Cartilage

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17
Q

Collagen fibers*

  • Description
  • Appearance
A
  • Most abundant protein in the body
  • Appearance
    • Thicker than elastic fibers
    • Glistening white appearance, often called white fibers
  • Function
    • Form the fibers of many connective tissues in places such as the dermis, tendons, and bones
    • Important for the functionality of strength (the thicker it is, the stronger it is)
    • Resist stretching
    • Base of gelatin, leather, and glue
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18
Q

Compact Bone*

  • Cells
  • Components
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Cells
    • Osteoblasts/osteocytes
    • Lacunae
  • Structure
    • Osteon: functional unit of a compact bone
    • Periosteum
    • Cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones
    • Canaliculi: allows for communication/transportation of messages and physically connect osteocytes
  • Components
    • Calcium & phosphate molecules
  • Functions
    • Allows for communication and transportation of messages
    • Physically connects osteocytes
  • Locations: Surrounds spongy bone
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19
Q

Cells found in the connective tissues*

A
  • Adipocytes: Fat cells that provide insulation, shock absorption, and energy storage
  • Fibroblasts: Create fibers of extracellular matrix
  • Leukocytes: White blood cells (immunity/protection)
  • Macrophages: Performs phagocytosis
  • Mast cells: Release histamines
  • Plasma cells: Antibodies and immunity
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20
Q

Fibers that form the connective tissues*

  • Fiber Types
A
  • Ground substance/extracellular matrix
    • Collagen fibers: strength
    • Elastic fibers: Thin; allow for movement in tissue (ie heart and lung expansion)
    • Reticular fibers: lymphatic & immune systems
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21
Q

Connective Tissue Functions*

A
  • Binding of organs
  • Support
  • Physical protection
  • Immune protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Heat production
  • Transport
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22
Q

Connective Tissue Ground Substance

A
  • Absorbs compressive forces and, like the styrofoam packing in a shipping carton, protects the more delicate cells from mechanical injury
  • Usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from 3 classes of large molecules:
    • Glycosaminoglycans
    • Proteoglycans
    • Adhesive glycoproteins
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23
Q

Connective tissue types*

A
  • Loose Connective Tissue
    • Areolar
    • Reticular
  • Dense Connective Tissue
    • Dense regular
    • Dense irregular
  • Notes
    • The anatomical difference between the two types is how much space is between the cells
    • The difference between dense tissue is how the collagen fibers are arranged in a plane
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24
Q

Connective Tissue*

  • Description
  • Types
  • Parts
A
  • Most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues
  • Connective tissue types
    • Fibrous tissue
      • Loose connective tissue
        • Areolar
        • Reticular
      • Dense connective tissue
        • Dense regular
        • Dense irregular
    • Adipose tissue
    • Cartilage
    • Bone
      • Spongy
      • Compact/Dense
    • Blood
  • Parts
    • Cells
    • Matrix (aka extracellular matrix)
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25
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A
  • The largest membrane of the body; the skin
    • Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis - keratinized) that rests on a layer of connective tissue (dermis)
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26
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue*

  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Blood supply
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Cells
    • Few visible
    • Located in 3 planes
  • Fibers
    • Collagen
    • Randomly arranged
  • Blood supply
    • Vascular
    • Scarce
  • Functions
    • Withstands unpredictable stresses
  • Locations
    • Skin
    • Around viscera such as liver, kidney, spleen
    • Fibrous sheaths around cartilages and bones
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27
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue*

  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Blood supply
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Cells
    • Fibroblasts (compressed in the nuclei)
  • Fibers
    • Elastic
    • Collagen
    • Parallel; wavy-like pattern
  • Blood supply
    • Scarce blood vessels (results in slow healing)
  • Functions
    • Ligaments tightly bind bones together and resist stress
    • Tendons attach muscle to bone and transfer muscular tension to bones
  • Locations
    • Tendons
    • Ligaments
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28
Q

Desmosomes

  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Functions
    • Serve to keep cells from pulling apart and enable tissues to resist mechanical stress
    • A patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans
    • Cannot prevent substances from passing around them and going between the cells
  • Locations
    • Common in the epidermis, the epithelium of the uterine cervix
  • Notes
    • Not continuous
    • The basal cells of epithelium are similarly linked to the underlying basement membrane by half-desmosomes called hemidesmosomes
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29
Q

Anatomical & physiological differences between keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelia*

A
  • Anatomical
    • Presence or lack of keratin
  • Physical
    • Nonkeratinized have living cells throughout
    • Keratinized are superficial layers that contain dead cells
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30
Q

Elastic Fibers*

  • Description
  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Ability of the skin, lungs, and arteries to spring back after they are stretched
    • Elasticity is not the ability to stretch, but the tendency to recoil when tension is released
    • Made of elastin coated with a glycoprotein (fibrillin)
  • Appearance
    • Thinner than collagenous fibers
    • Branch and rejoin each other
    • Always covered by perichondrium
  • Functions
    • Provides flexible, elastic support
  • Locations
    • External ear
    • Epiglottis
31
Q

3 Embryonic Tissue Layers*

A
  • Embryonic development is the first 8 weeks after conception
  • All tissues arise from the following germ layers
    • Ectoderm
      • Gives rise to the epidermis (outermost cutaneous layer) and nervous system
    • Endoderm
      • Gives rise to mucous membranes lining (the beginning and ending) of the digestive and respiratory tracts
      • Digestive glands
      • Reproductive system
    • Mesoderm
      • Gives rise to muscle, bone, blood
      • Important for connective tissues
32
Q

Epithelial Cell Surfaces & Membrane*

A
  • Apical surface
    • Most superior/superficial layer
  • Lateral surface
    • 2 lateral surfaces for each epithelial cell
    • Found on the periphery/sides
  • Basal surface
    • Most inferior layer
    • Connects with the basement membrane
  • Basement membrane
    • Anchor for epithelial cells
    • Binds growth factors from below that regulate epithelial development
    • Contains collagen, glycoproteins, and other protein-carb complexes
33
Q

Epithelial Tissues*

  • Description
  • Classifications
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Typically exhibit a high rate of mitosis
  • Distinct apical, lateral & basal surfaces
  • Always avascular: relies on diffusion to maintain homeostasis
  • Classifications
    • Simple epithelial
      • Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified
    • Stratified epithelial
      • Squamous (keratinized/nonkeratinized), cuboidal, columnar, urothelium/transitional
  • Functions
    • Secretion
    • Absorption
  • Locations
    • Cover organs
    • Line organs
    • Glandular: secretions from glands
34
Q

Excretion

A
  • A gland product that is not useful to the body (such as urine and bile)
35
Q

Exocrine Gland Classification*

A
  • Classified according to the branching of their ducts and the appearance and extent of their secretory portions
    1. # of cells present
      • Unicellular
      • Multicellular
    2. Type of duct present
      • Simple: a single unbranched duct
      • Compound: have a branched duct
    3. Shape of the secretory portion
      • Tubular: looks like a test tube
      • Acinus: circular/round
      • Tubuloacinar: combination between tubular and round
36
Q

Fibrocartilage

  • Description
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Strongest of the 3 fibers
    • Identified by chondrocytes being in lines or small clusters
    • Parallel collagen fibers
    • Never has a perichondrium
  • Functions
    • Resists compression and absorbs shock
    • Often a transitional tissue between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
  • Locations
    • At joints where tendons insert on bones near articular hyaline cartilage
    • Pubic symphysis
    • Intervertebral discs
    • Menisci; pads of shock-absorbing cartilage in knee joint
37
Q

Gap Junction

A
  • A communicating junction
  • Formed by a connexon, which consists of 6 membrane proteins arranged in a ring, somewhat like the segments of an orange, surrounding a water-filled channel
  • Example: heart
38
Q

Glands

A
  • Endocrine
    • Secrete substances that circulate through the bloodstream
    • ie hormones, thyroid and pituitary glands
  • Exocrine
    • Groups
      • Merocrine/Eccrine
        • Secrete their substances by exocytosis
        • Uses exocytosis
        • ie salivary, tears, sweat
      • Apocrine
        • A portion of the secreting cell’s body is lost during secretion
        • Uses cytoplasm in the cell
        • ie breast milk
      • Holocrine
        • The entire cell disintegrates to secrete its substances
        • ie oil glands
    • Types
      • Serous
      • Mucous
      • Sebaceous
39
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

  • Composition
  • Function
A
  • Composition: Amino sugars and uronic acid
  • Function:
    • Regulate water and electrolyte balance of tissues
    • Negatively charged and tend to attract sodium and potassium ions, which in turn cause them to absorb and retain water
  • Example: The most common GAG is chondroitin sulfate
40
Q

Goblet Cells

A
  • Always found with columnar cell shapes
  • Large cells that contain mucus
  • Acts as a lubricant
  • Traps pathogens
41
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Appearance
    • Clear, glassy matrix; cannot see individual fibers
    • Collagen fibers
    • No perichondrium
  • Functions
    • Eases joint movements
    • Holds airway open during respiration
    • Moves vocal cords during speech
  • Locations
    • Covers the ends of bones at movable joints
    • Supportive rings and plates around trachea and bronchi
    • A boxlike enclosure around the larynx
    • Much of the fetal skeleton
42
Q

Lateral surface

A
  • The “sidewall” of a cell
43
Q

Leukocytes or White Blood Cells (WBCs)

  • Description
  • 5 Types
A
  • Defense against infection and other diseases
    • Primarily in connective tissues
    • Larger than RBCs
    • Conspicuous nuclei
  • 5 types (distinguished in part by shape)
    • Neutrophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
    • Lymphocytes
    • Monocytes
44
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Types

A
  • Areolar Tissue
  • Reticular Tissue
45
Q

Matrix

A
  • Fibrous proteins
  • Ground substance
  • Tissue fluid
  • ECF or interstitial fluid
46
Q

Membrane Types*

A
  • Mucous membrane (mucosa)
  • Serous membrane (serosa)
  • Cutaneous membrane
  • Synovial membrane
47
Q

Mucous Glands

A
  • Found in the oral and nasal cavities
  • Secrete a glycoprotein, called mucin
  • After it is secreted, mucin absorbs water and forms the sticky product, mucus
48
Q

Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)*

  • Description
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Lines passages that open to the exterior environment
  • Have goblet cells
  • Consists of 2-3 layers
    • Muscularis mucosae: smooth muscle (involuntary)
    • Lumina propria
    • Epithelium
  • Functions
    • Absorptive
    • Secretory
    • Protective functions
  • Locations
    • Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
49
Q

Muscular Tissue

  • Definition
  • Representative Locations
A
  • Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction
  • Locations
    • Skeletal muscles
    • Heart (cardiac muscle)
    • Walls of viscera (smooth muscle)
50
Q

Nervous Tissue

  • Description
  • Locations
A
  • Contain excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells
  • Locations
    • Brain
    • Spinal cord
    • Nerves
51
Q

Osteo-

A

Bone

52
Q

Pseudostratified epithelial*

  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Appearance
    • Appears multi-layered, but all cells reach the basement membrane
    • Often appear columnar or triangular
    • Has goblet cells
    • Technically a simple epithelial cell
  • Functions
    • Secrets and propels mucus
  • Locations
    • Respiratory tract from the nasal cavity to bronchi
    • Portions of the male urethra
53
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

(aka Erythrocytes)

A
  • Most abundant
  • Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Look like pink discs with thin, pale centers and no nuclei
54
Q

Reticular fiber*

  • Description
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Part of the basement membrane
    • Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins
    • Forms supportive stroma framework for lymphatic organs
  • Locations
    • Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
55
Q

Secretion

A
  • A gland product that is useful to the body (such as an enzyme or hormone)
56
Q

Secretion glands*

A
  • Serous glands
    • Produce thin, watery secretions
    • ie Perspiration, milk, tears, digestive juices
  • Mucous glands
    • Produce mucin
    • ie respiratory system
  • Mixed glands
    • Contain both cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions
    • ie Salivary glands
57
Q

Serous Glands

A
  • Produce relatively thin, watery fluids such as perspiration, milk, tears, and digestive juices
58
Q

Serous Membrane (Serosa)*

A
  • A smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid
    • Visceral layer: inner layer that covers organs in body cavities
    • Parietal layer: lines the body wall
59
Q

Simple columnar epithelial*

  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Appearance
    • Tall/narrow cells
    • Have goblet cells
  • Functions
    • Absorption
    • Secretion of mucus
    • Movement of egg and embryo in the uterine tube
  • Locations
    • Inner lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus
    • Respiratory system
60
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelial*

  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Appearance
    • Squarish or round cells
    • Single-layer
  • Functions
    • Absorption and secretion
    • Production of protective mucous coat
    • Movement of respiratory mucus
  • Locations
    • Often in glands
    • Liver
    • Thyroid
    • Mammary
    • Salivary glands
61
Q

Simple squamous epithelial*

  • Appearance
  • Function
  • Location
A
  • Appearance
    • Thin & scaly
    • “Fried egg” with a bulge
    • Single-layer
  • Functions
    • Diffusion
    • Secretes lubricating serous fluid
  • Locations
    • Air sacs of lungs, kidneys, inner lining of heart & blood vessels, serous membranes
62
Q

Spongy Bone*

  • Cells
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Cells
    • Trabeculae
    • Covered by compact bone
  • Functions
    • Bone marrow
    • Blood platelet formation
    • WBC, RBC & stem cells
  • Locations
    • Heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones (ie sternum)
63
Q

Stratified columnar epithelial*

  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Appearance
    • Column shaped
    • Multi-layered
    • Have goblet cells
  • Functions
    • Protection
    • Secretion
  • Locations
    • Rare; seen where two other epithelial types meet
    • Pharynx, larynx, anal canal, male urethra
64
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelial*

  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Appearance
    • Surface cells are square or round
  • Functions
    • Contributes to sweat secretion
    • Secretes ovarian hormones
    • Produces sperm
  • Locations
    • Sweat gland ducts
    • Egg-producing vesicles of ovaries
    • Sperm-producing ducts
65
Q

Stratified squamous keratinized (cornified) epithelial*

  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Appearance
    • Multi-layered
    • Cells become increasingly flat and scaly toward the surface
    • Covered with a layer of compact dead cells without nuclei
  • Functions
    • Resists abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms
    • Retards water loss through the skin
  • Locations
    • Skin
    • Palms and soles of feet
66
Q

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelial*

  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Appearance
    • Same as keratinized, without a layer of dead cells
    • Have living cells throughout
  • Functions
    • Resists abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms
  • Locations
    • Tongue, esophagus, vagina, anal canal
67
Q

Stratified urothelium epithelial*

(aka stratified transitional epithelial)

  • Appearance
  • Functions
  • Locations
A
  • Similar to stratified squamous cells, but round, not flat, and often bulge at the surface
  • The only epithelium that can be binucleated
  • Functions
    • Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract
    • Protects underlying tissues from osmotic damage by urine
    • Lines the organs of the urinary system
  • Locations
    • Unique to the urinary tract
      • Urine is usually acidic and hypertonic to the intracellular fluid
      • It would draw water out of the cells by osmosis and kill them if there were nothing to protect them
    • Part of kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
  • Notes
    • Outer phospholipid layer protected by umbrella cells
      • The plasma membrane is thicker than usual and has dense patches called lipid rafts with embedded proteins called uroplakins
68
Q

Synovial membrane*

A
  • Secrets synovial fluid around the joints
  • Has “within normal limits” range
69
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • Encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells
    • Think of a plastic harness on a 6-pack of cans
  • Interlocking proteins seal-off the intercellular space and make it difficult for substances to pass between cells and digesting the underlying connective tissue
  • Help to prevent bacteria from invading the tissues, and they ensure the most nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them
70
Q

Tissue

A
  • Two or more cells physically coming together with a common structure and function
    • Composed of cells and matrix
    • Matrix is composed of fibers and ground substance
71
Q

4 tissue types & classes

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscular
    • Skeletal
    • Cardiac
    • Smooth muscle
72
Q

Vascular

A
  • Has a blood supply; not dependent on diffusion for oxygen
  • Opposite is avascular
73
Q

White (or yellow) fat*

  • Description
  • Function
  • Appearance
A
  • The most significant adipose tissue
    • More abundant than brown fat
    • Doesn’t have as many mitochondria
    • Has a single large, central globule of triglyceride
  • Function
    • More of a storage connective tissue as opposed to thermal regulation/cushioning
    • Contributes to body contours such as breasts and hips
74
Q

Why is blood in the connective tissue category?

A
  • It is composed of more ground substance than cells
  • It is produced by the connective tissues of the bone marrow and lymphatic organs

BIO 150 A&P I (25 decks)

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