Unit 1: Ch 2 (Chemistry) Flashcards
Acid
- Any proton donor
- A molecule that releases a proton in water
Activation Energy
Pre-set level of energy required to allow for a reaction to go from reactant to product
Active Site
Geographic location where an enzyme will allow a reaction to occur
Adhesion & Cohesion
- Adhesion: the tendency of one substance to cling to another
- Cohesion: the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other
Adipose Tissue
- Provides thermal insulation and acts as a shock-absorbing cushion for vital organs
Amino Acids
- Components
- Bonds
- Components
- Amino group (NH2)
- Carboxyl group (COOH)
- R-group
- Bonds
- Peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino group via dehydration synthesis
Amino Group
- Symbol
- Bonds
- Occurs in
- Symbol: -NH2
- Bonds: Single covalent bonds
- Occurs in: Amino acids, proteins
Anabolism
The sum of all synthesis reactions in the body
Antioxidant
A chemical that neutralizes free radicals
Apoenzyme
A protein component working with an enzyme
Atomic Mass
- Weight of the Atom
- Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
- The number of protons in a nucleus
- The periodic table is organized by atomic number
Describe atomic structure
- At the center of an atom is the nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons
- Protons (p+) have a single positive charge
- Neutrons (n0) have no charge
- Each proton or neutron weighs approx 1 atomic mass unit, which equals the total number of protons and neutrons
- Around the nucleus are one or more clouds of electrons
- Electrons determine the chemical properties of an atom, thereby governing what molecules can exist and what chemical reactions can occur
- The # of electrons = the # of protons
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Description
- Components
- Description
- Nucleotide that occurs in muscle tissue
- Is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions and in the synthesis of nucleic acids
- Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions to harness the energy within the bonds of ATP
- Components
- Ribose
- Adenine
- Triphosphate
ATPase
- Lowers the energy required to allow for the reaction to occur
- ATP is broken into ADP and 1 phosphate
- Follows the law of conservation of mass
Buffers
- A substance that helps keep pH within normal limits
- Buffers resist pH changes because they can take up excess hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-)
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)
- Components
- Components
- Adenine
- Monophosphate
- Ribose
General carbohydrate formula
(CH2O)n
n = number of carbons
Describe the following characteristics of carbohydrates
- Monomers
- Polymers
- Elements
- Structure
- Function
- Monomer: Monosaccharide
- Glucose (blood of mammals)
- Galactose (milk of mammals)
- Fructose (plants)
- Polymer: Polysaccharides
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Elements: C, H, O
- Structure:
- H to O ratio is 2:1
- The number of carbons usually ranges from 3-7
- Depending on the number of carbons in the sugar, they also may be known as trioses (3 carbons), pentoses (5 carbons), and or hexoses (6 carbons)
- Monosaccharides can exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules; in aqueous solutions, they are usually found in ring forms
- Function
- Prime energy source
- Structural/physical support
- Cell-to-cell recognition
- Cell identification: allows the immune system to recognize/distinguish cells
- Forms part of DNA & RNA
Carboxyl Group
- Symbol
- Bonds
- Occurs in
- Symbol: -COOH
- Bonds: Single covalent bonds
- Occurs in: Sugars, amino acids, proteins
Catabolism
The sum of all decomposition reactions in the body
Chemical Compound
Atoms containing two or more elements
Examples: H2O, NaCl, and CO2
Chemical Energy
Energy found in the different bonds or chemical structures
Chemical Formula
- An abbreviation of the elements and atoms present in a molecule
- Two types:
- Molecular formula: Atoms that joined together (ex: H20)
- Structural formula: In addition to the above, also shows where and how atoms have bonded together (ex. H-H-O)
Chemical Reaction
- Description
- Types of reactions
- Description
- A process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken
- Symbolized by a chemical equation that typically shows the reactants on the left, the products on the right, and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products
- Types
- Decomposition
- Synthesis
- Exchange reactions
Chemistry
The study of matter
Cholesterol
- Structure
- Function
- Structure
- 17 carbons
- 4 ring structure
- Function
- A precursor to other steroids
- An important component of cell membranes and is required for proper nervous system functions
- Notes
- Only about 15% of our cholesterol comes from the diet; the other 85% is internally synthesized, primarily by the liver
- Humans only obtain dietary cholesterol from foods of animal origin
Coenzyme
An organic component working with an enzyme
Cofactor
An inorganic chemistry component working with an enzyme
Colloids
- Description
- Size
- Appearance
- Will particles settle?
- Will particles pass through membrane?
- Examples
- Not a uniform mixture
- Size: Particles range from 1-100 nm
- Appearance: Often cloudy
- Will particles settle? No
- Will particles pass through membrane? No
- Examples:
- Proteins in blood
- Milk protein
- Gelatin
Compounds
Two or more different atoms coming together
Conformation
Describes the shape of a protein
Conjugated Carbohydrates
- Formed when carbohydrates attach to other molecules
- Examples:
- Glycoprotein: Component of the cell surface coat and mucus
- Glycolipid: Component of the cell surface coat
- Proteoglycan: Cell adhesion, lubrication, supportive filler for some tissues and organs
Conjugated Proteins
Have a non-amino acid moiety called a prothetic group covalently bound to them
Covalent Bonds
- Form when atoms share one to three pairs of electrons
- The most common type of bond found in nature
- Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple
- Two types of covalent bonds:
- polar
- nonpolar
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)
Nucleotide formed by the removal of both the second and third phosphate groups from ATP.
Acts as a “second messenger” to activate metabolic effects within the cell.
Decomposition reactions
Where a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones.
AB → A + B
Dehydration Synthesis
- When monomers join to create polymers of organic molecules
- Hydrogen is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group (-OH) is removed from another monomer, forming water
Denature/Denaturation
- What the shape of a protein (conformation) is unfolded
- Its shape and properties change, and it results in a non-functioning protein
- Proteins can be denatured by exposing them to pH changes (acids or bases) or by exposing them to extreme temperatures (either hot or cold)
- Example: Frying an egg. Egg white starts out as clear and liquid, the extreme heat changes the egg white to opaque and a rigid texture
Disaccharides
- Maltose: Glucose + Glucose
- Found in grain plants like wheat & barley and products like beer & malted milk which are made from grains
- Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose
- Found in plants especially sugar cane & sugar beets. Sucrose is known as “table sugar” and is used to sweeten foods and beverages
- Lactose: Glucose + Galactose
- Found in milk of mammals. Lactose is known as milk sugar
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Description
- Description
- Constitutes genes
- Functions as the hereditary material of all living things
- Double-stranded helix
- Its monosaccharide is deoxyribose
Eicosanoids
- Structure
- Function
- Structure
- 20-carbons
- Derived from arachidonic acid (a fatty acid)
- Includes prostaglandins and leukotrienes
- Function
- Hormone-like chemical signals between cells
- Signaling roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labor contractions…
Electrolytes
- Ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity
- Important for their chemical reactivity and electrical effects
- Imbalance has effects ranging from muscle crams and brittle bones to cardiac arrest
Electromagnetic energy
The kinetic energy of moving “packets” of radiation, called photons
Electron Shell Structure
- Electrons are located in electron shells that surround an atom
- # of electron shells an atom has depends on the total number of electrons
- Indicates the average location of electrons
- Each shell holds a limited number of electrons:
- Shell 1 holds 2 electrons
- Shell 2 holds 8 electrons
- Shell 3 holds 8 electrons
- Shell 4 holds 8 electrons
Electronegativity
- An atom’s force of attraction to gain an electron.
- Highly electronegative atoms only need 1 electron to maintain a full valence shell.
- The exception to this is Hydrogen and Helium because they require a maximum of 2 electrons in the first shell.
- If atoms bonded together have the same electronegativity, the shared electrons will be equally shared and will become anions.
Electron
- Determines the chemical properties of an atom
- Found on the periphery, or on the side of an atomic structure
- Electron shell, which is a more specific way to determine where an electron is housed; or
- Electron cloud, which is a more general way of showing where an electron is
- Carry a single negative charge
- Notated with a lowercase “e”
Electropositivity
The tendency of an atom to donate electrons and form positively charged cations
Element
The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
Emulsion
The suspension of one liquid in another, such as oil-and-vinegar salad dressing
Endergonic Reaction
- A reaction in which energy is absorbed
- This means that the net change in free energy is positive
- There is more energy in the system at the end of the reaction than at the beginning of it
Energy
Capacity to do work
Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins that decrease the amount of activation energy required in a reaction
- Not consumed in a chemical reaction
- Enzyme suffixes end in - ase
Essential & Non-Essential Fatty Acids
- Essential: Body cannot produce it, essential that they are consumed in diet
- Non-Essential: If not in diet, the body can produce it