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bio 150 a&p i > Unit 3: Ch 9 (Joints) > Flashcards

Unit 3: Ch 9 (Joints) Flashcards

1
Q

General anatomy of synovial joints

A
  • 2 structures
    • Articular disc
    • Meniscus
  • Accessory structures
    • Tendon: dense irreg tissue
    • Ligament: dense irreg tissue that bring 2 bones together in only 1 plane
    • Bursa: fluid-filled sacs on larger structures (like knee) that reduce friction
    • Tendon sheath: fluid-filled sacs on smaller structures (like fingers) that reduce friction
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2
Q

4 major joint categories

A
  • Bony
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial joints
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3
Q

Abduction, hyperabduction, adduction, & hyperabduction

A
  • Abduction
    • ​Movement of a part in the frontal plane away from the midline
  • Hyperabduction
    • Over or behind; an extreme abduction
  • Adduction
    • Movement of a part in the frontal plane back toward the midline
  • Hyperadduction
    • An extreme adduction
    • i.e. crossing fingers and ankles
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Arth-

A

Joint

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6
Q

Arthrology

A

The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

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7
Q

Articulation

A
  • A skeletal joint
  • Any point at which two bones meet
  • May or may not be moveable
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8
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

  • Description
  • Movement
  • Axis rotation
  • Examples
A
  • Description
    • Ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone
    • In all 3 planes
    • Most freely movable joints
  • Movement: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation
  • Axis rotation: the only multiaxial joints in the body
  • Examples
    • Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
    • Coxal (hip) joint
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9
Q

Bony joints

  • AKA
  • Description
  • Mobility
  • Examples
A
  • AKA: Synostosis joints
  • Description
    • Multiple bones fused into one
    • Immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone
  • Mobility: Synarthrotic
  • Examples
    • Ilium, ischium, and pubis create a single hip bone
    • Epiphyses and diaphyses of the long bones
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10
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

  • AKA
  • Description
  • Types & examples
A
  • AKA: Amphiarthrodial joint
  • Description
    • Bones united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
    • No synovial cavity present
  • Types
    • Synchondroses
      • _​_connected by hyaline cartilage
      • moveability: synarthrosis
      • ie joint between diaphysis and epiphysis
    • Symphyses
      • connected by fibrocartilage
      • moveability: amphiarthrosis
      • ie pubic symphasis and joints between vertebral bodies
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11
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Joint movement where one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
  • Sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction movements
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12
Q
A

Circumduction

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13
Q

Classification by degree of movement

A
  • Synarthrosis: immovable
  • Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable
  • Diarthrosis: freely moveable
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14
Q

Classification by type of tissue

A
  • Bony: bones that are typically fused into one bone
  • Fibrous: bones connected to fibrous tissue
  • Cartilaginous: bones connected by cartilage
  • Synovial: articulating surfaces enclosed within fluid-filled joint capsule
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15
Q

Condylar joints

  • AKA
  • Description
  • Movement
  • Axis rotation
  • Examples
A
  • AKA: Ellipsoid joints
  • Description: convex surface which articulates with a concave elliptical cavity
  • Movement: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, & cirumduction
  • Axis rotation: biaxial
  • Examples
    • Radiocarpal joint of wrist
    • Humerus
    • Femur
    • Glenoid cavity
    • Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints of fingers
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16
Q

Diarthrosis joints

  • Movement type
  • Axes of motion & corresponding joint names
A
  • Freely moveable joints
  • 3 categories based on the number of axes of motion
    • Multiaxial
      • Ball-and-socket
    • Monaxial
      • Pivot
      • Hinge
    • Biaxial
      • Plane
      • Saddle
      • Condylar
  • Note: All synovial joints are diarthrotic and have joint cavities
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Fibrous Joints

  • AKA
  • Description
  • Mobility
  • Categories & examples
A
  • AKA: Synarthrosis
  • Description
    • connected by dense irregular connective tissue that is in collagen fibers
  • Categories
    • Sutures
      • mobility: synarthrotic (limited movement until about 20 YOA, then immovable)
      • ​found between flat, plate-like bones of the skull (except for mandible)
      • short fibers
      • Example: fontanelle
    • Gomphoses
      • mobility: synarthrotic
      • found where the teeth articulate with their sockets in the maxilla or the mandible
      • peg in socket
      • Example: tooth
    • Syndesmoses
      • mobility: amphiarthrotic
      • fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous connective tissue/interosseous membrane
      • gap between the bones may be joined by ligaments or filled in by interosseous membrane
      • long fibers
      • Example: the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna
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19
Q
A
20
Q
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21
Q

Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension

A
  • Flexion: decreases joint angle
  • Extension: straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position. Increases joint angle
  • Hyperextension: Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position
22
Q
A
23
Q

Hinge joints

  • Description
  • Movement
  • Axis rotation
  • Examples
A
  • Description
    • Movement in one plane, with little movement in any other, like a door hinge
  • Movement: flexion/extension
  • Axis rotation: monaxial joint
  • Example
    • elbow
    • ankle
    • knee
    • interphalangeal joints (fingers/toes)
24
Q

How are joints classified?

  • Anatomical
  • Physiological
A
  • Anatomical
    • Presence of a joint cavity
    • Type of connective tissue(s) present
  • Physiological
    • Amount of movement able to occur at the joint
25
Q

In general, how are joints named?

A
  • By combining the names of the two bones or prominences in contact with one another
  • Example: Tibiofemoral joint
26
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of musculoskeletal movement

27
Q

Movement vocabulary of synovial joints

A
  • Movement vocabulary spans medical fields
    • Many terms are presented in pairs with opposite or contrasting meanings
  • Zero position
    • Joint movements are described as deviating from the zero position or returning to it
28
Q
A
29
Q

Pivot joints

  • Movement
  • Axis rotation
  • Examples
A
  • Movement: allows for rotation movement only
  • Axis rotation: monaxial joint
  • Examples
    • Radioulnar joints
    • Atlantoaxial joint between the first two vertebrae
30
Q

Plane joints

  • Description
  • Movement
  • Axis rotation
  • Examples
A
  • Description
    • Permit gliding and sliding movements
    • Bone surfaces are flat or slightly concave and convex
    • Movements occur in a single plane
  • Movement: inversion/eversion of foot, or flexion/extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column
  • Axis rotation: biaxial
  • Examples
    • Between the carpal/tarsal bones
    • Articular processes of the vertebrae
31
Q

Protraction & Retraction

A
  • Protraction
    • The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
  • Retraction
    • Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
32
Q
A
33
Q
A
34
Q

Rotation description & types

A
  • Movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis (ie rotation of trunk, thigh, head, or arm)
    • Medial (internal): turns the anterior portion of the bone inward
    • Lateral (external): turns the anterior portion of the bone outward
35
Q

Saddle joints

  • Description
  • Movement
  • Axis rotation
  • Examples
A
  • Description: Characterised by opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-convex shape
  • Movement: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction
  • Axis rotation: biaxial joint
  • Examples
    • carpometacarpal joints
    • trapeziometacarpal
    • sternoclavicular joint
36
Q

Special movement of the thumb

A
  • 2 terms unique to the thumb
    • Reposition
      • Return to zero position
    • Opposition
      • Move the thumb to approach or touch the tip of any of the other 4 fingers
37
Q

Special movements of the foot

A
  • Dorsiflexion
    • Elevation of toes as you do while swinging foot forward to take a step
  • Plantar flexion
    • Extension of foot so that toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe (toe-off)
  • Inversion
    • Movement in which the soles are turned medially
  • Eversion
    • Movement in which the soles are turned laterally
38
Q

Supination & Pronation

A
  • Primarily forearm movements (also in foot/ankle)
    • Supination
      • Forearm movement that turns palm to face anteriorly or upward
        • Forearm supinated in anatomical position
        • Radius is parallel to the ulna
      • Supinator: type of movement you would make to turn a doorknob clockwise or to drive a screw into a piece of wood
    • Pronation
      • Forearm movement that turns palm to face either posteriorly or downward
        • Radius crosses stationary ulnar like an X
  • Notes
    • As an aid to remembering these terms…
      • You are prone to stand in the most comfortable position, which is with the forearm pronated. But if you were holding a bowl of soup in your palm, you would need to supinate the forearm to keep from spilling it
39
Q
A
40
Q

Types of sutures

A
  • Serrate: appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones interlock
  • Lap (squamous): occur where 2 bones have overlapping beveled edges, like a miter joint
  • Plane (butt): occur where 2 bones have straight nonoverlapping edges
41
Q
A
42
Q

Synarthrosis

A
  • Immobile joint
  • Examples
    • Sutures
    • Epiphyseal growth plate
43
Q

Synovial fluid

A
  • Nourishes articular cartilage and removes waste
    • Rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid
    • Reduces friction
44
Q

Synovial joints

  • Description
  • Classifications
  • Movement
  • Tissues present
A
  • AKA: diarthrosis joints
  • Description
    • A connection between two bones consisting of a cartilage lined cavity filled with synovial fluid
    • Only joint with a joint cavity
  • Functional classifications
    1. Ball-and-socket
    2. Hinge
    3. Pivot
    4. Plane
    5. Condylar
    6. Saddle
  • Movement: all synovial joints are diarthrosis
  • Connective tissues present
    • Dense irregular
    • Dense regular (ligaments)
    • Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
  • Notes
    • Type most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions. They’re mobility is important to the quality of life
    • Most structurally complex and diverse type of joint
    • Inner cellular membrane called the synovial membrane
    • Flexible, movable, can slide over one another, and rotatable
45
Q

What is the study of musculoskeletal movement?

A

Kinesiology

46
Q

Review of appendicular/axial location of bones

A

bio 150 a&p i (25 decks)

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