Lab 1-6: Practical Exam Prep I Flashcards
of auditory ossicles in one ear
3
of cranial bones
8
of facial bones
14
of metacarpals in one hand
5
of phalanges in one hand
14
of thoracic vertebrae
12
3 categories of ribs
- True ribs
- False ribs
- Floating ribs
Acid
An acid is any proton donor, a molecule that releases a proton (H+) in water, a +1 cation. Acids have pH values less than seven
Afferent
- To carry toward
- Example: afferent neurons carry impulses ‘toward’ the CNS
Anatomical Position
- Standing upright in front of the observer
- Head level with eyes forward
- Legs straight, feet flat, pointed forward
- Arms at sides, straight, palms facing forward, thumbs to the side
- Right and left refers to subject, not observer
Anterior / Ventral
Closer to the front of the body
Example: the sternum is anterior to the heart
Base/Basic/Alkaline
- A base is a proton acceptor. Since hydroxide ions (OH-) accept H+, many bases are substances that release hydroxide ions
- Bases have pH values higher than seven
Body Planes
- Sagittal plane: A cut through the long axis of the body that results in right and left portions. Also referred to as a longitudinal cut, resulting in a longitudinal section
- Midsagittal plane: The cut is midline resulting in two equal halves
- Parasagittal plane: The cut results in unequal right and left portions
- Frontal (coronal) plane: A cut through the long axis of the body that results in anterior and posterior portions
- Transverse plane: A horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Also called cross-section
- Oblique plane: A cut performed an angle between the other planes
Boiling, Body & Freezing Points
- Boiling
- 212 F
- 100 C
- Body
- 98.6 F
- 37 C
- Freezing
- 32 F
- 0 C
Brightfield microscopes
- Often used to study bacteria, cells, and tissues
- Fields of study where a microscope is a necessary tool include:
- Cytology: Cytology is the study of cells
- Histology: Histology is the study of tissues
- Pathology: Pathology is the study of disease
Buffer
- A buffer is a chemical solution that resists changes in pH.
- It is what the body has to help prevent large swings in pH and help prevent a non-homeostatic condition.
cm to mm Conversion
cm*10 = mm
Common features in the pelvic girdle
- Acetabulum
- Obturator Foramen
Condyle
(Knuckle) smooth, rounded articular process; “knuckle” of any bone
Contralateral
- On opposite sides of the body
- Example: control of the right hand by the left motor cortex is contralateral
Crenated Red Blood Cells
A red blood cell that develops abnormal notchings on its cell membrane due to loss of water.
Deep
- Toward the interior of the body
- Example: the lungs are deep to the rib cage
Diffusion
- Diffusion is the net movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
- Diffusion is the result of the random movement of molecules
Distal
- Farther from the point of attachment
- Example: the fingers are distal to the wrist
Dorsal Body Cavities
- Dorsal Body Cavity: can be subdivided into the cranial and vertebral cavities although they are continuous with each other
- Cranial Cavity: contains the brain within the skull
- Vertebral Cavity: contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column
Efferent
- To carry away
- Example: efferent neurons carry impulses ‘ away from the CNS
Femur Bony Processes
- Head
- Greater trochanter
- Patellar surface
- Medial condyle
- Lateral condyle
Fibula Bony Process
- Lateral malleolus
Describe the Fontanels
- Connective tissue membranes at the joints between infant cranial bones
- Allows the cranial bones to shift during labor and deliver to help the head of the infant pass through the birth canal
- Allows for rapid growth of the brain during the early years of development
- The anterior fontanel is typically ossified by age 2
Foramen (singlular)
Opening or hole (pl. foramina)
Fossa
Shallow depression
g to kg conversion
g/1000 = kg
g to mL Conversion
g*1000 = ml
Goal of microscopy
Create a magnified image of objects too small to be seen with the eye alone
How to read a graduated cylinder
- Water adheres to the glass walls of a graduated cylinder, creating a curved appearance termed a meniscus.
- Accurate volume measurements are taken at the bottom of the meniscus with your eye level parallel to the meniscus.
- In the image, the measurement is 25 mL.
Head
A spherical process at end of a long bone
How do the coarse and fine adjustment knobs work?
The focus knobs move the stage up and down
What happens when a strong base is added to water?
- pH levels rapidly increase
Humerus Bony Landmarks
- Head
- Trochlea
- Capitulum
- Greater tubercle
Hypertonic Environment
- A solution with a higher concentration of nonpermeable solutes in comparison to another solution
- Tends to cause a cell to shrivel or collapse as water exits the cell
Hypotonic Environment
- A solution with a lower concentration of nonpermeable solutes in comparison to another solution
- Tends to cause a cell to swell or burst as water enters the cell
Ilium Bony Process
- Iliac crest
Infant skull characteristics
- Presence of fontanels
Inferior (caudal)
- Below or away from the head
- Example: the chin is inferior to the mouth
Ipsilateral
- On the same side of the body
- Example: all injuries were ipsilateral, on the right side
Is the hyoid bone part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
Axial
Ischium Bony Process
- Ischial Spine
Isotonic Environment
- Is balanced so water enters and leaves cells at the same rate
- Same concentration of nonpermeable solutes in comparison to another solution
Label the fontanels
Lateral
- Farther from the midline of the body
- The shoulder is lateral to the sternum
Lysed Red Blood Cells
- Red blood cells whose membranes have burst
Male/Female Skull Characteristics
- Males:
- More prominent brow ridges, occipital protuberances, and a thicker, wider mandible (sometimes U-shaped, as opposed to V-shaped)
Male/Female Pelves Characteristics
Males:
- Heart-shaped pelvic inlet
- Anteriorly pointed sacrum
Math with Significant Figures
-
Addition & Subtraction
- Round to the same number of decimal places as the lowest in the calculation significant figures in the calculation
- Example: 4.3 + 2.456 = 6.8 (you must round to 1 decimal place)
-
Multiplication & Division
- Round to the lowest number of significant digits in the calculation
- Example: 4.3 x 2.456 = 11 (you must round to 2 significant figures)
-
Rounding Off Rules
- When rounding to the correct number of significant digits, use the following rules:
- If the digit being rounded is 5 or greater, round up. Example: 4.56 rounds to 4.6
- If Less than 5, round down. Example: 4.54 rounds to 4.5
- When rounding to the correct number of significant digits, use the following rules:
-
Mean (Average)
- A data set is a collection of numbers
- Example: 1.2, 4.6, 4.5
- The mean is the average value for a data set
- Add all numbers and divide by the number of values in the data set
- 1.2 + 4.6 + 4.5 = 10.3; 10.3/3 = 3.4
Meatus
Canal-like opening
Media
Substance through which diffusion occurs, such as water and air.
Medial
- Closer to midline of the body
- Example: the eye is medial to the ear
Metric measurements for the following units:
- Mass is measured in ______
- Volume is measured in ______
- Linear is measured in ______
- Mass is measured in grams (g)
- mg is 1000 times smaller than a gram
- kg is 1000 times larger than a gram
- Volume in liters (L)
- mL is 1000 times smaller than a liter
- Linear measurements in meters (m)
- cm is 100 times smaller than a meter.
- mm is 1000 times smaller than a meter
3 factors that determine the quality of a microscopic image
- Magnification is the apparent increase in image size.
- Resolution is the ability to distinguish fine detail.
- Contrast refers to the ability to distinguish objects, such as cells, from the background.
Midline
- An imaginary line down the center of the body dividing it into matching halves
- The umbilicus is on the midline
mL to L conversion
ml/1000 = L
Objective Lenses
- 4 objective lenses to magnify the image: 4X, 10X, 40X, and 100X.
- When focusing on a slide, start on the scanning, or low power, objective lens.
- The lower the power objective, the greater the field of view.
- The field of view is the amount of the slide you are able to see through the eyepiece.
Parietal
- Pertaining to cavity linings
- Example: the parietal layer of the pericardium is adjacent to the pericardial cavity
Personal protective equipment
- Lab coat or apron
- Gloves
- Goggles or lab safety glasses
- Closed toe and covered heel shoes
- Long hair should be tied up to meet proper laboratory safety protocols
pH Scale
- pH stands for the power of potential of hydrogen and is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
- The pH scale extends from 0-14
- 7 is neutral
- Below 7 is acidic
- Above 7 is basic (alkaline)
- The lower the pH value, the more hydrogen ions a solution has and the more acidic it is
- Since the pH scale is logarithmic, a change of one whole number on the scale represents a 10-fold change in H+ concentration
- For example, a solution with pH 4 is 10 times as acidic as one with a pH 5 and 100 times as acidic as one with pH 6.
Posterior / Dorsal
Closer to the back of the body
Example: the vertebral column is posterior to the heart
Process
Projection or elevation on a surface
Proximal
- Closer to the point of attachment
- Example: the elbow is proximal to the hand
Pubis Bony Landmarks
- Symphysis Pubis
Radius Bony Processes
- Head
- Styloid Process
Rate of Diffusion
Diameter [mm] / Time [min] * 60 [min] = Rate of Diffusion
Salt
- Salt is a crystalline compound that consists of sodium chloride (NaCl).
- When salt is added to water, it breaks down into ions of sodium and chlorine.
- Neither of them reacts with water, so salt will only change the volume of the water, not its pH.
- In order for any type of salt to affect the pH, it has to react with water to release or bind the hydrogen atoms from the water.
Scapula Bony Processes
- Spine
- Supraspinous fossa
- Infraspinous fossa
- Acromion
- Glenoid fossa
- Coracoid process
Scientific Lab Report
-
Introduction: The general topics of the experiment are presented.
- The introduction section of the lab report should answer the following questions: ·What was/were the topic/s of the laboratory?
- What was the experimenter trying to study/discover in this laboratory?
- What was the hypothesis?
- What is currently known about the topic?
- Materials and Methods: In this section, the materials that were used in the experiment are presented and the procedures (how the experiment was performed) are described in detail. A person reading the laboratory report should be able to replicate the study exactly using the information provided in this section.
- Results: In this section, the data is presented as clearly as possible. Usually, this section includes tables, figures, and/or graphs.
- Discussion: The discussion section of the laboratory report should explain the data from the results section with respect to supporting or refuting the experiment’s hypothesis. The discussion should also explain if the data supports what is currently known about the concept that was tested. If it does not, this is the section where you would identify possible errors in the experiment or suggestions for improvement if the experiment was replicated.
- Conclusion: This section is used to summarize the information that was presented in the laboratory report. The conclusion should provide the reader with a “take home” message. Conclusions are usually brief, approximately two to three sentences.
Scientific Method
- Observation: Make observations regarding an environment, condition or situation.
- Gather Information: Gather and analyze information about topics directly related to your observations.
- Propose a Hypothesis: An hypothesis is an educated guess specifically developed to explain your observations.
- Test the Hypothesis: Perform an experiment and collect data to test the hypothesis.
- Present and Analyze Results: Results data can be presented in many formats, including tables, figures, and graphs.
- Conclusion: Explain whether the data supports or rejects the hypothesis. The scientific method is cyclical, meaning that after a conclusion is reached, new questions are often asked.
Significant Figures Rules
- All zeros between non-zero numbers are significant.
- Example: 1001 has 4 significant figures
- All zeros to right of the decimal point AND at the end of the number are significant.
- Example: 0.1100 has 4 significant figures
- All zeros before a non-zero digit are NOT significant –they are placeholders only.
- Example: 0.00034 has 2 significant figures
- Zeros after a non-zero number with no decimal point are NOT significant.
- Example: 5000 has 1 significant figure
- Exact numbers have an unlimited number of significant digits. Exact numbers are counted numbers or ones that are created by definition. They have no uncertainty.
- Examples: 10 heart beats, 12 inches in a foot
Sinus
Cavity in a bone (bay or pocket)
Solute
The substance dissolved in a solution.
Solution
A solution is a mixture of two substances with one dissolved in the other.
Solvent
The solvent is the substance that there is most of in a solution.
Spine
Pointed process
Superficial
- Toward the surface of the body
- Example: the skin is superficial to the rib cage
Superior/Cranial
- Above or toward the head
- Example: the nose is superior to the mouth, both are cranial
Tare a scale
- To “tare a scale” means to set the electronic reading to zero before weighing an item
- It allows you to tell the scale to ignore the weight of the container you are using to weigh something
Tarsal Bony Landmarks
- Calcaneus
- Talus
Tibia Bony Process
- Medial malleolus
Tonicity
The ability of a solution to change the volume of a cell through osmosis.
Total Magnification
- The overall enlargement of the image of a specimen.
- To calculate total magnification, multiply the magnification of the ocular lens (10X) with the magnification of the objective lens.
Trochanter
Rough, large projection
Ulna Bony Landmarks
- Head
- Trochlear notch
- Olecranon
- Styloid process
Ventral Body Cavities
- Ventral Body Cavity: is divided into superior and inferior sections by the diaphragm
-
Thoracic Cavity: contains the heart and lungs protected by the rib cage
- Pleural Cavity: fluid-filled membrane-enclosed region that contains the lungs
- Pericardial Cavity: fluid-filled membrane-enclosed region that contains the heart
-
Abdominopelvic Cavity: although there are no physical divisions between these sections, it is easier to refer to the abdominal cavity separately from the pelvic cavity
- Abdominal Cavity: inferior to the diaphragm, the area contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and associated organs
- Pelvic Cavity: region partially enclosed by the pelvic bones containing the reproductive organs, bladder and rectum
-
Thoracic Cavity: contains the heart and lungs protected by the rib cage
Visceral
- Pertaining to organs (viscera)
- Example: the visceral layer of the pericardium is adjacent to the heart
Advantages of a wet mount
- Fast preparation
- Requires no special equipment other than a transfer pipette, slide, and cover slip
- Organisms may be viewed in their living state
- Movement of motile microorganisms can be observed
What part of the scapula joins with the humerus?
Glenoid cavity
What structure of the fibula forms the lateral portion of the ankle?
Lateral malleolus
What structure of the os coxa forms a joint with the femur?
Acetabulum
What type of vertebra is the axis?
C2
Which vertebrae is known as the atlas?
C1
Why does blood become clear in distilled water?
Because distilled water is hypotonic, the cells have burst and no longer block light passing through the liquid
Eyepiece (Oscular)
Allows you to view the specimen. The distance between ocular lenses can be adjusted to fit between the eyes
Objectives
Scanning, Low, High
Allows you to view the specimen in greater detail. Scanning objective is 4x, low power is 10x, high power is largest is 40x
Coarse Focus Knob
Allows you to locate the specimen (locate the focus plane) by seeing a “rough” view. Adjusts stage to the highest level to be closest to the specimen.
Fine Focus Knob
Fine tune your focus on the specimen
Mechanical Stage with Stage Clips
The mechanical stage is where you place your slide. The stage clips hold the slide in place.
Condenser with iris diaphragm
Control amount of light that reaches the specimen
Light source
Allows light to pass through the slide so that it can be seen using the eyepiece
Arm
It supports the head of the microscope and connects it to the base. It is also used to transport the microscope safely (with one hand on the microscope’s base during transport)
Unit Conversions
- g to ml
- g to kg
- ml to L
- cm to mm
- g to ml
- g*1000 = ml
- g to kg
- g/1000 = kg
- ml to L
- ml/1000 = L
- cm to mm
- cm*10 = mm
