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BIO 150 A&P I > Unit 4: Ch 6 (Integumentary System) > Flashcards

Unit 4: Ch 6 (Integumentary System) Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory structures

A
  • Only found in thin skin
  • Hair & nails
  • Cutaneous glands
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2
Q

Alopecia

A
  • Thinning of hair/baldness
  • Worsened by disease, poor nutrition, fever, emotional stress, radiation, chemotherapy
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3
Q

Anatomical differences between dermis and epidermis

A
  • Epidermis
    • avascular
    • keratin
  • Dermis
    • vascular
    • contains blood vessels, glands, and nerve endings
    • contains hair follicles & nail roots
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4
Q

Blister

A
  • Damaged dermal blood vessel (ie burn, friction)
  • Results in serous fluid seeping out of vessel and accumulating
  • Separates the epidermis from the dermis until the fluid is either reabsorbed or expelled by rupture
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5
Q

Colors of diagnostic value

A
  • Cyanosis (blue)
    • Blueness of skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood
    • Examples: Lung disease, cardiac arrest, slow blood flow, airway obstruction
  • Erythema (red)
    • Redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow in dilated cutaneous blood vessels or by dermal pooling of red blood cells
    • Examples: exercise, hot weather, sunburn, anger
  • Albinism (white)
    • Lack of pigmentation that alters the integumentary system
    • Effected people have inherited a recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase allele from both parents
  • Jaundice (yellow)
    • Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood
  • Hematoma/bruise (multiple)
    • A mass of clotted blood showing through the skin
    • Can be a variety of colors depending on how much healing has occurred
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6
Q

Cutaneous glands

A
  • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
    • Merocrine (eccrine): at birth
      • Myoepithelial cells
      • Sensible (see/feel sweat) v. insensible (unable to see/feel sweat)
    • Apocrine: post-puberty
      • Bromhidrosis: body odor
      • Pheromones
  • Sebaceous: oil gland next to hair follicle
  • Ceruminous: ear wax
  • Mammary: produces milk
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7
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A
  • The skin
  • 2 regions
    • Epidermis
      • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
      • Surface consists of dead cells packed with keratin
      • Avascular; dependent on diffusion
      • Arises from the ectoderm
    • Dermis
      • Fibrous connective tissue: collagen, elastic, & reticular fibers, fibroblasts
      • Vascular
      • Arises from the mesoderm
  • The hypodermis is NOT a part of the cutaneous membrane
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Dendritic/Langerhans cells

A
  • Found in stratum spinosum & stratum granulosum
  • Provide immunity
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10
Q

Dermal papilla

A
  • Provides the hair with its sole source of nutrition
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11
Q

Dermis layers

A
  • Papillary layer (superficial)
    • Areolar connective tissue
    • Rich in small blood vessels
    • Allows for the mobility of leukocytes and other defenses
    • Superficial 1/5 of dermis
    • Often extends upward as dermal papillae
  • Reticular layer (deep)
    • Dense irregular connective tissue
    • Collagen fibers in all planes. Stretching of skin can tear the collagen fibers and produce striae (stretch marks)
    • Deeper 4/5 of the dermis
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12
Q

Epidermis stratification

  • Cell classification
  • Layers
  • Cells present
A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Layers
    • Stratum corneum
    • Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
    • Stratum granulosum
    • Stratum spinosum
    • Stratum basale
  • Cells
    • Stem cells
    • Keratinocytes
    • Melanocytes
    • Tactile/Merkel cells
    • Dendritic/Langerhans cells
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Flexion lines (flexion creases)

A
  • Lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, elbows, etc
  • The skin is tightly bound to deeper connective tissues along these lines
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15
Q

Fontalis muscles

A

Muscles for eyebrow expressiveness

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16
Q

Friction ridges

A
  • Produce fingerprints
  • Enhance fingertip sensitivity to texture by vibrating and stimulating sense organs called lamellar corpuscles
  • Form during fetal development and remain unchanged for life
  • Patterns result from a combination of heredity and the surfaces that the fetus randomly touches with its fingertips before birth
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Hair cycle

A
  1. Anagen
    • growth stage
    • 6-8 years
  2. Catagen
    • mitosis ceases
    • the follicle shrinks and the hair dies and loses its anchorage
    • Hair becomes a club hair (easily pulled out while brushing)
    • 2-3 weeks
  3. Telogen
    • hair follicle rests
    • 1-3 months
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19
Q

Hair follicle structure

A
  • Hair follicle contains the hair root
  • 2 layers
    • Epithelial root sheath
      • Extension of the epidermis
      • Stratified squamous epithelium
      • Widens to form a bulge, a source of stem cells for follicle growth
    • Connective tissue root sheath
      • Derived from the dermis
      • Collagenous connective tissue
      • Surrounds the epithelial sheath
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20
Q

Hair functions

A
  • Barrier (Antimicrobial properties & water retention)
  • Hair receptors (feel sensations)
  • UV protection (pigmentation)
  • Thermoregulation (arrector pili)
  • Mate attraction (apocrine glands)
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21
Q

Hair matrix

A
  • The hair’s growth center
  • Contains stem cells that undergo mitosis to create daughter cells
22
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Responsible for identifying different sensations

23
Q

Hair types

A
  • Downy
    • Fine, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus
  • Terminal
    • Longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented
    • Forms eyelashes, eyebrows and covers the scalp
    • After puberty, it forms pubic hair, facial hair, and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs
  • Vellus
    • 2/3 of the hair of women
    • 1/10 of the hair of men
    • All the hair of children except for the eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair of the scalp
24
Q

Hair zones

A
  • 3 zones along the length of a hair follicle
    • Shaft: Hair above the skin
    • Root: Hair beneath the surface
    • Bulb: Deepest hair
25
Q

Hemangiomas

A
  • Patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries
  • Types
    • Capillary hemangiomas
      • strawberry birthmarks
      • 90% disappear by 6 YOA
    • Cavernous hemangiomas
      • flatter and duller in color
      • 90% disappear by 9 YOA
    • Port-wine stain
      • flat and pink-to-purple in color
      • remains for life
26
Q

Hirsutism

A
  • Excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy, especially in women and children
  • Usually results from either masculinizing ovarian tumors or hypersecretion of testosterone by the adrenal cortex
  • Often associated with menopause
27
Q

Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Tissue

A
  • Areolar or adipose tissue between skin and muscle
  • Binds skin to underlying tissues
  • Subcutaneous fat
  • Notes
    • Drugs are injected into the hypodermis due to large blood supply, resulting in drugs entering the circulatory system and traveling throughout the body
    • Not a part of the cutaneous membrane
28
Q

Keratinocyte life history

A
  • Most immature keratinocytes found in deepest layers
  • Avg life span = 30 to 40 days
  • Stratum granulosum
    • Keratinocytes die
    • Epidermal water barrier
    • Consists of
      • lipids secreted by keratinocytes
      • tight junctions between keratinocytes
    • Dead cells exfoliate as dander
      • Dandruff: exfoliation included with secretions from nearby hair
      • Dander: exfoliation process
29
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • Majority of epidermal cells
  • Synthesize keratin
30
Q

Lunule

A
  • Aids in capillary refill assessment (nail structure)
31
Q

Melanin

A
  • Important for preventing the disruption of UV radiation
  • Only found in melanocytes in the stratum basale
  • 2 types
    • Eumelanin: darker colors
    • Pheomelanin: lighter colors
32
Q
A
33
Q

Nails

A
  • Derivative of the stratum corneum
  • Flat nails are one of the distinguishing characteristics of humans and primates. Serve as keratinized tools for grooming, picking apart food, and other manipulations
34
Q

Pattern baldness

A
  • Condition in which hair is lost unevenly across the scalp rather than thinning uniformly
  • Results from a combination of genetic and hormonal influences
35
Q

Piloerector muscles (aka arrector)

A
  • Thermal regulation
  • Respond to cold, fear, touch, or other stimuli
  • Smooth muscle and involuntary contractions
    • Straight hair releases heat
    • Layered hair retains heat
  • Example: goosebumps
36
Q

Pilus / Pili

A
  • Hair roots which grow from a hair follicle
  • Terminology
    • Pilus = hair (singular)
    • Pili = hair (plural)
37
Q

Skin categories

A
  • Thin skin
    • 4 functional layers (does not incl stratum lucidum)
    • Found with accessories (ie hair follicles & subcutaneous glands)
  • Thick skin
    • 5 functional layers
    • No accessories
    • Can absorb more pressure than thin skin
    • Skin that can manipulate the environment (ie palms & soles of feet)
38
Q

Skin color factors

A
  • Melanin: most significant factor
  • UV rays: geographic and ethnic variation
  • Hemoglobin: red pigment of blood
  • Carotene: yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables
39
Q

Skin functions

A
  • Barrier functions (physical barrier & waterproofing)
  • Nonverbal communication
  • Resistance to trauma and infection
  • Sensation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Vitamin D synthesis
40
Q

Skin markings

A
  • Friction ridges: markings on the fingertips that leave fingerprints
  • Flexion lines: marks sites where the skin folds during flexion of the joints (ie lines on digits, palms, wrists, elbows)
  • Freckles: flat patches that vary by heredity and sun exposure
  • Moles: an elevated patch of melanized skin
  • Hemangiomas: patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries
41
Q

Skin sensory receptors

A
  • Free nerve ending: not encapsulated, sense hot/cold
  • Lameliated/Pacinian: pressure
  • Corpuscle/Meissner: low frequency vibration
  • Tactile/Merkel: light touch
  • Nociceptor: identify pain
42
Q
A
43
Q

Stem Cells

A
  • Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes
  • Once differentiated they can only make new epidermal cells
  • Found only in the stratum basale
44
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • Single-layer
  • Stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells
  • Site of most mitosis
45
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • Most superficial layer; contact with external environment
  • Up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
  • Resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss
46
Q

Stratum granulosum

A
  • 2-5 layers of cells with dark-staining keratohyalin granules
  • Begins to form the waterproof layer of skin
  • Cells die in this layer
47
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • Thin zone superficial to the stratum granulosum
  • Only in thick skin
  • Cells have no nucleus or organelles. Featureless appearance with indistinct cell boundaries
  • Keratinocytes are packed with a clear protein named eleidin
48
Q

Stratum spinosum

A
  • Several layers; primarily on palms and soles
  • Dendritic cells, keratin filaments
  • Attached to desmosomes and bound by tight junctions
49
Q

Subcutaneous fat

A
  • Functions
    • Energy reservoir
    • Thermal insulation
  • Found in the hypodermis layer
  • Adipocytes
  • Notes
    • Thicker in women
    • Not uniformly distributed
50
Q

Tactile/Merkel Cells

A
  • Sensory receptors for light touch

BIO 150 A&P I (25 decks)

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