Unit 1: Atlas A Flashcards
What is and provide an example of a
Segment?
A region between one joint and the next.
Example- The arm is the segment between the shoulder and the elbow joints, and the forearm is the segment between the elbow and wrist joints
Describe the location of and the contents within the
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity extends inferiorly from the diaphragm to the brim of the pelvis
- It consists of the abdominal cavity superiorly and the pelvic cavity inferiorly
- The abdominal cavity contains:
- Kidneys
- Digestive organs
- Spleen
- The pelvic cavity contains:
- Rectum
- Urinary bladder
- Reproductive organs
Define and provide an example of
Afferent
To carry toward or going toward the central nervous system
Example-
Afferent neurons carry impulses toward the CNS
Describe
Anatomical Sections & Planes
Real or imaginary “slices” called sections or planes.
- Section implies an actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy
- Plane implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Describe the anatomical position
From the perspective of anatomical position, we can describe the location (posterior, inferior, etc.) of something to something, and the descriptions remain valid regardless of the person’s position.
- The subject must be standing upright in front of the observer;
- Head level with eyes forward;
- Legs straight, flat feet, pointed forward;
- Arms at sides, straight, palms facing forward, thumbs to the side
- Right and left refers to subject, not observer
What is the
Anterior Mesentery?
When the mesentery continues toward the anterior body wall
Describe and provide an example of
Anterior / Ventral
Closer to the front of the body
Example- the sternum is anterior to the heart
Describe the
Appendicular Region
The appendicular region of the body consists of the upper and lower limbs (also called appendages or extremities).
- Upper limb includes the arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region), wrist (carpal region), and fingers (digits)
- Lower limb includes the thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region), ankle (tarsal region), foot, and toes (digits)
Describe the
Axial Region
Consists of the head, neck (cervical region), and trunk. The trunk is further divided into the thoracic region above the diaphragm and the abdominal region below it.
What is meant by Central?
Towards the center
Describe and provide an example of
Cephalic
Toward the head or superior end
Example- The brain develops from the cephalic end of the neural tube
Describe and provide an example of
Contralateral
On opposite sides of the body (right and left)
Example- The spleen is contralateral to the liver
Describe the
Cranial Cavity & Vertebral Canal
- The cranial cavity is enclosed by the cranium (braincase) and contains the brain.
- The vertebral canal is enclosed by the vertebral column (spine) and contains the spinal cord
Describe and provide an example of
Deep
Toward the interior of the body
Example- The lungs are deep to the rib cage
Describe and provide an example of
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment or origin
Example- The fingers are distal to the wrist
Where is the
Dorsum?
Used to denote the upper surface of the foot and the back of the hand.
Define and provide an example of
Efferent?
Exiting, to carry away, or going away from the central nervous system
Example-
Efferent neurons carry impulses away from the CNS
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
A section through the body that results in anterior and posterior portions
What is the
Greater Omentum?
It is a fatty membrane that hangs like an apron from the inferolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the intestines. It is unattached at its inferior border and can be lifted to reveal the intestines
Describe and provide an example of
Inferior / Caudal
Below or away from the head
Example- The chin is inferior to the mouth
Describe and provide an example of
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body (right or left)
Example- All injuries were ipsilateral, on the right side
Describe and provide an example of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Example- The eyes are lateral to the nose
What is the
Lesser Omentum?
Fatty membrane that extends from the superomedial margin of the stomach to the liver
Describe and provide an example of
Medial
Toward the median plane
Example- The heart is medial to the lungs
Median (Midsagittal) Plane
The sagittal plane that divides the body or organ into equal halves
What is the
Mediastinum?
- Thick median wall that divides the thoracic cavity
- This is the region between the lungs, extending from the base of the neck to the diaphragm
What are
Meninges?
- The 3 membrane layers that line the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
- The meninges protect the delicate nervous tissue from the hard protective bones that enclose it
What is a
Mesentery?
The visceral peritoneum is also called a mesentery at points where it forms a translucent, membranous curtain suspending and anchoring the viscera
Describe and provide an example of
Midline
An imaginary line down the center of the body dividing it into matching halves.
Example
The umbilicus is on the midline.
Describe
Oblique Plane
Any plane that occurs at an angle between the other planes
Describe the Parasagittal Plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL portions
Define and provide an example of
Parietal
Pertains to cavity linings
Example
The parietal layer of the pericardium is adjacent to the pericardial cavity
What is the
Parietal Peritoneum?
Outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the cavity wall
What is the
Parietal Pleura?
Lines the inside of the rib cage
Where is & what is the purpose of the
Pericardial Cavity?
- Space that separates the heart’s visceral and parietal layers
- This space allows the heart freedom of movement during its contraction and relaxation but can pose a life-threatening problem if it fills with serous fluid or blood
What is the purpose of the
Pericardial Fluid?
Lubricates the pericardial cavity
What is the
Pericardium?
- Two-layer membrane that enfolds the heart
- The inner layer of the pericardium forms the surface of the heart itself and is called the visceral layer
- The outer layer is called the parietal layer
What is meant by Peripheral?
Towards the side
What is the purpose of the
Peritoneal Fluid?
Lubricates the parietal cavity
What is the
Peritoneum?
Two-layered serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity
What is the
Pleura?
Serous membrane that enfolds each lung
Where is the
Pleural Cavity?
Narrow space between the visceral and parietal pleuras
What is the purpose of
Pleural Fluid?
Lubricates the pleural cavity
What is the purpose of the
Posterior Mesentery?
Suspends the intestines from the posterior (dorsal) abdominal wall
Describe and provide an example of
Posterior / Dorsal
Closer to the back of the body
Example- The vertebral column is posterior to the heart
What are
Potential Spaces?
- Called potential spaces because under normal conditions, the membranes are pressed firmly together and there is no actual space between them
- The membranes are not physically attached, however, and under UNUSUAL conditions, they may separate and create a space filled with fluid or other matter
- Thus there is normally no actual space, but only a potential for membranes to separate and create one
What are the principal organs in the
Circulatory System?
- Heart
- Blood vessels
What are the principal organs in the
Digestive System?
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Salivary glands
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small & large intestines
- Pancreas
- Gallbladder
- Liver
What are the principal organs in the
Endocrine System?
- Parathyroid glands
- Thyroid gland
- Pineal gland
- Pituitary gland
- Adrenal glands
- Thymus
- Pancreas
- Ovaries
- Testes
What are the principal organs in the
Female Reproductive System?
- Mammary glands
- Ovaries
- Uterus
- Uterine tubes
- Vagina
What are the principal organs in the
Integumentary System?
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Cutaneous glands
What are the principal organs in the
Lymphatic System?
- Lymph nodes
- Lymphatic vessels
- Tonsils
- Spleen
- Thymus
What are the principal organs in the
Male Reproductive System?
- Bulbourethral glands
- Epididymides
- Seminal vesicles
- Spermatic ducts
- Prostate
- Penis
- Testes
What are the principal organs in the
Muscular System?
- Skeletal muscles
What are the principal organs in the
Nervous System?
- Brain
- Nerves
- Spinal cord
- Ganglia
What are the principal organs in the
Respiratory System?
- Nose
- Larynx
- Pharynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
What are the principal organs in the
Skeletal System?
- Bones
- Cartilages
- Ligaments
What are the principal organs in the
Urinary System?
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
What are the principle functions of the
Circulatory System?
- Distribute nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies
- Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
What are the principle functions of the
Digestive System?
- Absorb & breakdown nutrients
- Liver functions (which include the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals)
- Synthesize plasma proteins
- Cleanse the blood
- Dispose of drugs, toxins, and hormones
What are the principle functions of the
Endocrine System?
- Hormone production
- Internal chemical communication
- Coordination
What are the principle functions of the
Female Reproduction System?
- Lactation
- Production of eggs
- Site of fertilization and fetal development
- Fetal nourishment
- Birth
- Secretion of sex hormones
What are the principle functions of the
Integumentary System?
- Protection
- Thermoregulation
- Water retention
- Vitamin D synthesis
- Nonverbal communication
- Cutaneous sensation
What are the principle functions of the
Lymphatic System?
- Detect pathogens
- Defend against disease
- Produce immune cells
- Recover excess tissue fluid
What are the principle functions of the
Male Reproductive System?
- Produce sperm
- Deliver sperm
- Secrete sex hormones
What are the principle functions of the
Muscular System?
- Movement
- Stability
- Communication
- Heat production
- Control body openings
What are the principle functions of the
Nervous System?
- Rapid internal communication
- Motor control
- Coordination
- Sensation
What are the principle functions of the
Respiratory System?
- Absorb oxygen
- Discharge carbon dioxide
- Speech
- Acid-base balance
What are the principle functions of the
Skeletal System?
- Support
- Movement
- Protective enclosure of viscera
- Mineral storage
- Blood formation
- Electrolyte & acid-base balance
What are the principle functions of the
Urinary System?
- Detoxification
- Eliminate wastes
- Stimulate red blood cell formation
- Regulate blood volume and pressure
- Control electrolyte fluids
- Acid-base balance
Describe and provide an example of
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment or origin
Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist
Describe and provide an example of
Rostral
Toward the forehead or nose
Example: The forebrain is rostral to the brainstem
Describe the Sagittal Plane
Passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions
Describe and provide an example of
Superficial
Closer to the body’s surface
Example: The skin is superficial to the muscles
Describe and provide an example of
Superior / Cranial
Above or toward the head
Example: The heart is superior to the diaphragm
What are the organ systems of
fluid transport?
- Circulatory System
- Lymphatic System
What are the organ systems of
intake and output?
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- Digestive System
What are the organ systems of
internal communication and control?
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
What are the organ systems of
protection, support, and movement?
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
What are the organ systems of
reproduction?
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
Describe the location of & what occupies the
Thoracic Cavity
- The thoracic cavity is superior to the diaphragm, in the chest
- It is occupied by the heart, the major blood vessels connected to it, the esophagus, the trachea and bronchi, and thymus.
- The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs.
Describe
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
A section that divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.
CT scans are typically taken in transverse sections
What viscera and membranes are in the
Ventral Body Cavity?
-
Thoracic Cavity
- Pleural Cavity: Lungs (pleurae membrane)
- Pericardial Cavity: Heart (pericardium membrane)
-
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Abdominal Cavity: Kidneys, Digestive organs, spleen (Peritoneum membrane)
- Pelvic Cavity: Reproductive organs, rectum, bladder (Peritoneum membrane)
What is the
Viscera?
The organs in the body cavities
What viscera and membranes are in the
Dorsal Body Cavity?
- Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain within the skull. (Meninges membrane)
- Vertebral Cavity: Contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column. (Meninges membranes)
Define and provide an example of
Visceral
Pertaining to organs
Example
The visceral layer of the pericardium is adjacent to the heart
What is the
Visceral Pleura?
Forms the external surface of the lung
What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
- Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
- Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
- Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
- Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Describe & list the
nine abdominal regions
- 9 regions defined by four lines that intersect like a tic-tac-toe grid.
- Each vertical line is called a midclavicular line because it passes through the midpoint of the clavicle (collarbone).
- The superior horizontal line is called the subcostal line because it connects the inferior borders of the lowest costal cartilages.
- The inferior horizontal line is called the intertubercular line because it passes from left to right between the tubercles of the pelvis.
- Region Names:
- Left hypochondriac region
- Left lumbar region
- Left inguinal region
- Epigastric region
- Umbilical region
- Hypogastric region
- Right hypochondriac region
- Right lumbar region
- Right inguinal region
What are the primary anatomical planes?
- Sagittal
- Frontal
- Transverse
What is medical terminology?
- Medical terminology is the language of medicine
- It is used by all healthcare providers to be able to help accurately, specifically, and concisely document conditions, as well as observations concerning patients.
What is the inferior horizontal plane/line separating the abdominopelvic cavity into regions?
Intertubercular plane/line
What is the superior horizontal plane/line separating the abdominopelvic cavity into regions?
Subcostal plane/line
What is the vertical plane/line separating the abdominopelvic cavity into regions?
Midclavicular plane/line
Why is anatomical position important?
- It provides a general reference for how to identify different locations and structures
- The reason why we have standard anatomical position is the same as why we have medical terminology, it provides a universal language or reference for all healthcare providers.
