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BIO 150 A&P I > Unit 1: Atlas A > Flashcards

Unit 1: Atlas A Flashcards

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1
Q

What is and provide an example of a

Segment?

A

A region between one joint and the next.

Example- The arm is the segment between the shoulder and the elbow joints, and the forearm is the segment between the elbow and wrist joints

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2
Q

Describe the location of and the contents within the

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A
  • Abdominopelvic cavity extends inferiorly from the diaphragm to the brim of the pelvis
  • It consists of the abdominal cavity superiorly and the pelvic cavity inferiorly
  • The abdominal cavity contains:
    • Kidneys
    • Digestive organs
    • Spleen
  • The pelvic cavity contains:
    • Rectum
    • Urinary bladder
    • Reproductive organs
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3
Q

Define and provide an example of

Afferent

A

To carry toward or going toward the central nervous system

Example-

Afferent neurons carry impulses toward the CNS

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4
Q

Describe

Anatomical Sections & Planes

A

Real or imaginary “slices” called sections or planes.

  • Section implies an actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy
  • Plane implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body
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5
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

From the perspective of anatomical position, we can describe the location (posterior, inferior, etc.) of something to something, and the descriptions remain valid regardless of the person’s position.

  • The subject must be standing upright in front of the observer;
  • Head level with eyes forward;
  • Legs straight, flat feet, pointed forward;
  • Arms at sides, straight, palms facing forward, thumbs to the side
  • Right and left refers to subject, not observer
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6
Q

What is the

Anterior Mesentery?

A

When the mesentery continues toward the anterior body wall

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7
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Anterior / Ventral

A

Closer to the front of the body

Example- the sternum is anterior to the heart

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8
Q

Describe the

Appendicular Region

A

The appendicular region of the body consists of the upper and lower limbs (also called appendages or extremities).

  • Upper limb includes the arm (brachial region), forearm (antebrachial region), wrist (carpal region), and fingers (digits)
  • Lower limb includes the thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region), ankle (tarsal region), foot, and toes (digits)
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9
Q

Describe the

Axial Region

A

Consists of the head, neck (cervical region), and trunk. The trunk is further divided into the thoracic region above the diaphragm and the abdominal region below it.

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10
Q

What is meant by Central?

A

Towards the center

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11
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Cephalic

A

Toward the head or superior end

Example- The brain develops from the cephalic end of the neural tube

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12
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Contralateral

A

On opposite sides of the body (right and left)

Example- The spleen is contralateral to the liver

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13
Q

Describe the

Cranial Cavity & Vertebral Canal

A
  • The cranial cavity is enclosed by the cranium (braincase) and contains the brain.
  • The vertebral canal is enclosed by the vertebral column (spine) and contains the spinal cord
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14
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Deep

A

Toward the interior of the body

Example- The lungs are deep to the rib cage

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15
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

Example- The fingers are distal to the wrist

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16
Q

Where is the

Dorsum?

A

Used to denote the upper surface of the foot and the back of the hand.

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17
Q

Define and provide an example of

Efferent?

A

Exiting, to carry away, or going away from the central nervous system

Example-

Efferent neurons carry impulses away from the CNS

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18
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

A section through the body that results in anterior and posterior portions

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19
Q

What is the

Greater Omentum?

A

It is a fatty membrane that hangs like an apron from the inferolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the intestines. It is unattached at its inferior border and can be lifted to reveal the intestines

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20
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Inferior / Caudal

A

Below or away from the head

Example- The chin is inferior to the mouth

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21
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body (right or left)

Example- All injuries were ipsilateral, on the right side

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22
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

Example- The eyes are lateral to the nose

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23
Q

What is the

Lesser Omentum?

A

Fatty membrane that extends from the superomedial margin of the stomach to the liver

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24
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Medial

A

Toward the median plane

Example- The heart is medial to the lungs

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25
Q

Median (Midsagittal) Plane

A

The sagittal plane that divides the body or organ into equal halves

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26
Q

What is the

Mediastinum?

A
  • Thick median wall that divides the thoracic cavity
  • This is the region between the lungs, extending from the base of the neck to the diaphragm
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27
Q

What are

Meninges?

A
  • The 3 membrane layers that line the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
  • The meninges protect the delicate nervous tissue from the hard protective bones that enclose it
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28
Q

What is a

Mesentery?

A

The visceral peritoneum is also called a mesentery at points where it forms a translucent, membranous curtain suspending and anchoring the viscera

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29
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Midline

A

An imaginary line down the center of the body dividing it into matching halves.

Example

The umbilicus is on the midline.

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30
Q

Describe

Oblique Plane

A

Any plane that occurs at an angle between the other planes

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31
Q

Describe the Parasagittal Plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into UNEQUAL portions

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32
Q

Define and provide an example of

Parietal

A

Pertains to cavity linings

Example

The parietal layer of the pericardium is adjacent to the pericardial cavity

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33
Q

What is the

Parietal Peritoneum?

A

Outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the cavity wall

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34
Q

What is the

Parietal Pleura?

A

Lines the inside of the rib cage

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35
Q

Where is & what is the purpose of the

Pericardial Cavity?

A
  • Space that separates the heart’s visceral and parietal layers
  • This space allows the heart freedom of movement during its contraction and relaxation but can pose a life-threatening problem if it fills with serous fluid or blood
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36
Q

What is the purpose of the

Pericardial Fluid?

A

Lubricates the pericardial cavity

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37
Q

What is the

Pericardium?

A
  • Two-layer membrane that enfolds the heart
    • The inner layer of the pericardium forms the surface of the heart itself and is called the visceral layer
    • The outer layer is called the parietal layer
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38
Q

What is meant by Peripheral?

A

Towards the side

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the

Peritoneal Fluid?

A

Lubricates the parietal cavity

40
Q

What is the

Peritoneum?

A

Two-layered serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

41
Q

What is the

Pleura?

A

Serous membrane that enfolds each lung

42
Q

Where is the

Pleural Cavity?

A

Narrow space between the visceral and parietal pleuras

43
Q

What is the purpose of

Pleural Fluid?

A

Lubricates the pleural cavity

44
Q

What is the purpose of the

Posterior Mesentery?

A

Suspends the intestines from the posterior (dorsal) abdominal wall

45
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Posterior / Dorsal

A

Closer to the back of the body

Example- The vertebral column is posterior to the heart

46
Q

What are

Potential Spaces?

A
  • Called potential spaces because under normal conditions, the membranes are pressed firmly together and there is no actual space between them
  • The membranes are not physically attached, however, and under UNUSUAL conditions, they may separate and create a space filled with fluid or other matter
  • Thus there is normally no actual space, but only a potential for membranes to separate and create one
47
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Circulatory System?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood vessels
48
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Digestive System?

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary glands
  4. Esophagus
  5. Stomach
  6. Small & large intestines
  7. Pancreas
  8. Gallbladder
  9. Liver
49
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Endocrine System?

A
  1. Parathyroid glands
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Pineal gland
  4. Pituitary gland
  5. Adrenal glands
  6. Thymus
  7. Pancreas
  8. Ovaries
  9. Testes
50
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Female Reproductive System?

A
  1. Mammary glands
  2. Ovaries
  3. Uterus
  4. Uterine tubes
  5. Vagina
51
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Integumentary System?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Nails
  4. Cutaneous glands
52
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Lymphatic System?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Tonsils
  4. Spleen
  5. Thymus
53
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Male Reproductive System?

A
  1. Bulbourethral glands
  2. Epididymides
  3. Seminal vesicles
  4. Spermatic ducts
  5. Prostate
  6. Penis
  7. Testes
54
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Muscular System?

A
  1. Skeletal muscles
55
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Nervous System?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Nerves
  3. Spinal cord
  4. Ganglia
56
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Respiratory System?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Larynx
  3. Pharynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Lungs
57
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Skeletal System?

A
  1. Bones
  2. Cartilages
  3. Ligaments
58
Q

What are the principal organs in the

Urinary System?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra
59
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Circulatory System?

A
  • Distribute nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies
  • Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
60
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Digestive System?

A
  • Absorb & breakdown nutrients
  • Liver functions (which include the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals)
  • Synthesize plasma proteins
  • Cleanse the blood
  • Dispose of drugs, toxins, and hormones
61
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Endocrine System?

A
  • Hormone production
  • Internal chemical communication
  • Coordination
62
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Female Reproduction System?

A
  • Lactation
  • Production of eggs
  • Site of fertilization and fetal development
  • Fetal nourishment
  • Birth
  • Secretion of sex hormones
63
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Integumentary System?

A
  • Protection
  • Thermoregulation
  • Water retention
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Nonverbal communication
  • Cutaneous sensation
64
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Lymphatic System?

A
  • Detect pathogens
  • Defend against disease
  • Produce immune cells
  • Recover excess tissue fluid
65
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Male Reproductive System?

A
  • Produce sperm
  • Deliver sperm
  • Secrete sex hormones
66
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Muscular System?

A
  • Movement
  • Stability
  • Communication
  • Heat production
  • Control body openings
67
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Nervous System?

A
  • Rapid internal communication
  • Motor control
  • Coordination
  • Sensation
68
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Respiratory System?

A
  • Absorb oxygen
  • Discharge carbon dioxide
  • Speech
  • Acid-base balance
69
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Skeletal System?

A
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protective enclosure of viscera
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood formation
  • Electrolyte & acid-base balance
70
Q

What are the principle functions of the

Urinary System?

A
  • Detoxification
  • Eliminate wastes
  • Stimulate red blood cell formation
  • Regulate blood volume and pressure
  • Control electrolyte fluids
  • Acid-base balance
71
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist

72
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Rostral

A

Toward the forehead or nose

Example: The forebrain is rostral to the brainstem

73
Q

Describe the Sagittal Plane

A

Passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions

74
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Superficial

A

Closer to the body’s surface

Example: The skin is superficial to the muscles

75
Q

Describe and provide an example of

Superior / Cranial

A

Above or toward the head

Example: The heart is superior to the diaphragm

76
Q

What are the organ systems of

fluid transport?

A
  1. Circulatory System
  2. Lymphatic System
77
Q

What are the organ systems of

intake and output?

A
  1. Respiratory System
  2. Urinary System
  3. Digestive System
78
Q

What are the organ systems of

internal communication and control?

A
  1. Nervous System
  2. Endocrine System
79
Q

What are the organ systems of

protection, support, and movement?

A
  1. Integumentary System
  2. Skeletal System
  3. Muscular System
80
Q

What are the organ systems of

reproduction?

A
  1. Male Reproductive System
  2. Female Reproductive System
81
Q

Describe the location of & what occupies the

Thoracic Cavity

A
  • The thoracic cavity is superior to the diaphragm, in the chest
  • It is occupied by the heart, the major blood vessels connected to it, the esophagus, the trachea and bronchi, and thymus.
  • The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs.
82
Q

Describe

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

A

A section that divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.

CT scans are typically taken in transverse sections

83
Q

What viscera and membranes are in the

Ventral Body Cavity?

A
  1. Thoracic Cavity
    • Pleural Cavity: Lungs (pleurae membrane)
    • Pericardial Cavity: Heart (pericardium membrane)
  2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
    • Abdominal Cavity: Kidneys, Digestive organs, spleen (Peritoneum membrane)
    • Pelvic Cavity: Reproductive organs, rectum, bladder (Peritoneum membrane)
84
Q

What is the

Viscera?

A

The organs in the body cavities

85
Q

What viscera and membranes are in the

Dorsal Body Cavity?

A
  1. Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain within the skull. (Meninges membrane)
  2. Vertebral Cavity: Contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column. (Meninges membranes)
86
Q

Define and provide an example of

Visceral

A

Pertaining to organs

Example

The visceral layer of the pericardium is adjacent to the heart

87
Q

What is the

Visceral Pleura?

A

Forms the external surface of the lung

88
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

A
  1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
  2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
  3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
  4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
89
Q

Describe & list the

nine abdominal regions

A
  • 9 regions defined by four lines that intersect like a tic-tac-toe grid.
    • Each vertical line is called a midclavicular line because it passes through the midpoint of the clavicle (collarbone).
    • The superior horizontal line is called the subcostal line because it connects the inferior borders of the lowest costal cartilages.
    • The inferior horizontal line is called the intertubercular line because it passes from left to right between the tubercles of the pelvis.
  • Region Names:
  1. Left hypochondriac region
  2. Left lumbar region
  3. Left inguinal region
  4. Epigastric region
  5. Umbilical region
  6. Hypogastric region
  7. Right hypochondriac region
  8. Right lumbar region
  9. Right inguinal region
90
Q

What are the primary anatomical planes?

A
  1. Sagittal
  2. Frontal
  3. Transverse
91
Q

What is medical terminology?

A
  • Medical terminology is the language of medicine
  • It is used by all healthcare providers to be able to help accurately, specifically, and concisely document conditions, as well as observations concerning patients.
92
Q

What is the inferior horizontal plane/line separating the abdominopelvic cavity into regions?

A

Intertubercular plane/line

93
Q

What is the superior horizontal plane/line separating the abdominopelvic cavity into regions?

A

Subcostal plane/line

94
Q

What is the vertical plane/line separating the abdominopelvic cavity into regions?

A

Midclavicular plane/line

95
Q

Why is anatomical position important?

A
  • It provides a general reference for how to identify different locations and structures
  • The reason why we have standard anatomical position is the same as why we have medical terminology, it provides a universal language or reference for all healthcare providers.

BIO 150 A&P I (25 decks)

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