Unit 4: Ch 10 (Muscular System) Flashcards
1
Q
Action
A
- The result following a muscle contraction
2
Q
Antagonist
A
- Performs opposite action as prime mover
- On the opposite side of the prime mover
3
Q
Belly (body)
A
- Largest portion of muscle that contains proteins required for contraction
4
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
- Assists in pumping blood; pressure and muscular contractions are important factors
-
Intercalated discs that operate as gap junctions
- Zigzag appearance
- Striated
- Involuntary contraction
- Found in the heart
5
Q
Fascia
A
- Protective covering that surrounds the muscle
6
Q
Fascicles
A
- A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers
- Determines the strength of a muscle and the direction in which it pulls
7
Q
Fixator
A
- Stabilizes an axial joint so there’s no dislocation and the intended action is performed
8
Q
A
9
Q
Innervation
A
- Nerve fibers that stimulate a skeletal muscle to contract
- 2 groups
- Spinal nerves
- Cranial nerves
10
Q
Insertion
A
- Where one end of a muscle is attached to the distal, freely moving bone of its joint
11
Q
Muscle attachments
A
-
Direct (fleshy) attachment
- Cannot see any connective tissue
-
Indirect attachment
- Can see connective tissue
- 3 types
- Tendons: Physically attach muscle to the bone (ie calcaneus)
- Aponeurosis: Attaches sheet-like muscles needing a wide area of attachment (ie abdomen)
- Retinaculum: Thicker, found around wrist & ankle regions. Keeps an organ or tissue in place
12
Q
Muscle functional groups
A
-
Extrinsic muscles
- Muscle that originates in another part than that of its insertion
- Example: muscles originating outside the eye, but affect eye movement
-
Intrinsic muscles
- A muscle whose origin and insertion are both in the same part or organ
- Example: the eye
13
Q
Muscle functions
- General description
- Specific functions
A
- All muscle types convert chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy (movement)
- Functions
- Glycemic control: regulates blood glucose levels
- Heat production (thermogenesis): heat generation & regulation of body temperature
- Movement: gross movement (ie joints)
- Peristalsis: smooth muscle that moves food through the GI system
- Stability: posture
14
Q
Muscle germ layer
A
- Mesoderm
15
Q
Muscle layers
A
-
Endomysium
- surrounds the muscle fibers
- deepest muscle layer
- areolar connective tissue
-
Epimysium
- surrounds the entire muscle/organ
- provides strength in all 3 planes
- dense irreg connective tissue
-
Perimysium
- surrounds the fascicles
- dense irreg connective tissue
16
Q
A
17
Q
Muscle structure identifiers
A
- Striations (zebra stripes)
- Peripheral nuclei
18
Q
Muscle tissue types
A
-
Cardiac muscle
- Involuntary contraction
- Striated muscle
- Intercalated disc
- Gap junction
- Assist in pumping blood
- Example: Heart
-
Skeletal muscle
- Voluntary contraction
- Striated muscle
- Attached to the bones
- Multi nuclei on the periphery of the cell
- Uses skeleton as an anchor for movement
-
Smooth muscle
- Involuntary contraction
- Nonstriated muscle
- Most organs & digestive system
- Fusiform shape
19
Q
myo -
A
Muscle
20
Q
Myology
A
Study of the muscular system
21
Q
Nomenclature: Attachment site
A
- Name of a bone in its name
- Example: femorous
22
Q
Nomenclature: Fiber direction
A
- Refers to a plane in its name
- Example: Internal abdominal oblique
23
Q
Nomenclature: Function
A
- What results after a muscular contraction
- Example: Adductor longus
24
Q
Nomenclature: Number of origins
A
- # of locations where you will be able to have a bone originate
- The origin is usually the stationary part of the bone and muscle attachment or anchor
- Example: biceps brachii
25
Q
Nomenclature: Shape
A
- Partially identified by the shape
- Example: Trapezius
26
Q
Nomenclature: Size
A
- “Major, magnus, minor”
- Example: Pectoralis minor
27
Q
Origin
A
- Immobile portion acting as an anchor
28
Q
Prime mover (agonist)
A
- Muscle that generates the most force
29
Q
sarco -
A
Meaty/fleshy
30
Q
Shape: Circular muscles
A
- Form rings around certain body openings
- When they contract, they constrict the opening and tend to prevent the passage of material through it
- Example: external urethral and anal sphincters
31
Q
Shape: Fusiform
A
- Thick in middle and tapered at each end
- Muscle strength is proportional to the diameter of a muscle at its thickest point
- Example: Biceps brachii
32
Q
Shape: Parallel muscles
A
- Uniform width and parallel fascicles
- Produce less force than fusiform
- Example: Zygomaticus major or the face
33
Q
Shape: Pennate muscles
A
- Feather shaped
- Fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle
- 3 types
-
Unipennate
- All fascicles approach the tendon from one side
- Example: palmar interosseous
-
Bipennate
- Fascicles approach the tendon from both sides
- Example: rectus femoris
-
Multipennate
- Shaped like a bunch of feathers with their quills converging on a single point
- Example: deltoid of the shoulder
-
Unipennate
34
Q
Shape: Triangular (convergent) muscles
A
- Fan shaped
- Broad at one end and narrower at the other
- Examples: Pectoralis major
35
Q
Skeletal muscle
A
- Connection with the muscular system; an anchor to create a movement that can be seen at the gross level
- Striated
- Peripheral nuclei
- Attached to bone
- Voluntary contraction
36
Q
Smooth muscle
A
- Fusiform shape
- Non-striated
- Involuntary contraction
- Found in most organs (ie digestive system)
37
Q
Synergist
A
- Helper muscle to the prime mover
- On the same side of bone as the prime mover
38
Q
What identifies the type of contraction that can be performed?
A
Muscle shape
39
Q
Muscle nomenclature
A
- Naming muscles
- Fiber direction (ie transverse, oblique)
- Attachment site (ie name of bone)
- Size (ie major, minor, magnus)
- Shape (ie trapezius, orbicularis)
- Function (ie adductor, abductor, flexor)
- Number of origins (ie biceps, quadriceps, triceps)
