Unit 4 - Evolution

Question 1

Sources of variation?

Answer 1

1. Mutations
2. Genetic recombination in sexual reproduction
3. Lateral gene transfer in asexual reproduction

Question 2

Things that affect variation?

Answer 2

1. Genetic drift
   
   • Bottle neck and founder’s effect
2. Gene flow
3. Natural selection

Question 3

3 types of selection (graphs)?

Answer 3

Directional, stabilizing, disruptive

Question 4

6 main aspect’s in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?

Answer 4

Struggle for existence
Variation and adaptation
Survival of the fittest
Fitness
Adaptation
Common descent

Question 5

What are the different types of evidence of evolution?

Answer 5

• Fossil record
• Geographic distribution
• Comparative anatomy
• Biochemistry

Question 6

Types of comparative anatomy?

Answer 6

• Homologous
• Analogous
• Vestigial
• Embryology

Question 7

Difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Answer 7

H: same structure, different function
A: different structure, same function

Question 8

Embryology

Answer 8

Study of an organism before birth?

Question 9

To be a specie, a group of organism must be able to…

Answer 9

1. Reproduce

2. Produce fertile offspring

Question 10

3 types of reproductive isolation?

Answer 10

Behavioral
Geographical
Temporal

Question 11

Organization in Taxonomy?

Answer 11

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 12

Fitness is the ability to…

Answer 12

1. Survive

2. Reproduce in specific environment

Question 13

What is gene flow?

Answer 13

Migration of individuals between populations

Question 14

What is genetic drift?

Answer 14

Random change within a small population

Question 15

How do humans decrease habitat and biodiversity?

Answer 15

• Deforestation

- Over hunting/fishing/poaching

Question 16

How do humans change the climate?

Answer 16

Global climate change (global warming)

Question 17

What is a pathogen?

Answer 17

Infectious agent that causes disease by disrupting body’s balance

Question 18

Why is Ecoli needed?

Answer 18

Helps with digestion in intestons

Question 19

What are the non-specific defenses and their lines?

Answer 19

1st line - skin, mucus, tears and saliva barriers

2nd line - inflammation, fever, chemical inhibitors

Question 20

What are the specific defenses and their immunities?

Answer 20

Cell-mediated immunity - T-cells seek and destroy foreign particles
Humoral immunity - B-cells release antibodies to destroy foreign particles

Question 21

Ways to help immune system?

Answer 21

Active immunity

Passive immunity

Question 22

Difference between active and passive immunity?

Answer 22

A: vaccines injected, body makes antibodies
P: body injected with temporary antibodies

Question 23

What happens in the lysogenic cycle?

Answer 23

Virus attacks cell, inserts DNA. Cell divides, creating new cells with virus DNA.

Question 24

What happens in the lytic cycle?

Answer 24

Virus DNA in replicated cells wakes up and takes over cell. Cell produces more viruses, which eventually burst out of cell and attach itself to other cells.

Question 25

Why are viruses nonliving?

Answer 25

It needs a cell host to reproduce

Question 26

Difference between lysogenic and lytic cycles in one word?

Answer 26

Lyso: dormant
Lytic: virulent

Question 27

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 27

P: No nucleus, bacteria, asexual reproduction
E: Nucleus, everything else, sexual and asexual reproduction

Question 28

How are viruses similar and different to living things?

Answer 28

S: DNA/RNA
D: Viruses don’t need food or water, can’t reproduce on own

Question 29

Why isn’t there a vaccine for HIV?

Answer 29

Viruses evolve

Question 30

How does Global Warming affect biodiversity?

Answer 30

• Destroys habitats

- Dramatic weather patterns