Unit 4 - Evolution Flashcards
Sources of variation?
- Mutations
- Genetic recombination in sexual reproduction
- Lateral gene transfer in asexual reproduction
Things that affect variation?
- Genetic drift
- Bottle neck and founder’s effect
- Gene flow
- Natural selection
3 types of selection (graphs)?
Directional, stabilizing, disruptive
6 main aspect’s in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?
Struggle for existence Variation and adaptation Survival of the fittest Fitness Adaptation Common descent
What are the different types of evidence of evolution?
- Fossil record
- Geographic distribution
- Comparative anatomy
- Biochemistry
Types of comparative anatomy?
- Homologous
- Analogous
- Vestigial
- Embryology
Difference between homologous and analogous structures?
H: same structure, different function
A: different structure, same function
Embryology
Study of an organism before birth?
To be a specie, a group of organism must be able to…
- Reproduce
2. Produce fertile offspring
3 types of reproductive isolation?
Behavioral
Geographical
Temporal
Organization in Taxonomy?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Fitness is the ability to…
- Survive
2. Reproduce in specific environment
What is gene flow?
Migration of individuals between populations
What is genetic drift?
Random change within a small population
How do humans decrease habitat and biodiversity?
- Deforestation
- Over hunting/fishing/poaching
How do humans change the climate?
Global climate change (global warming)
What is a pathogen?
Infectious agent that causes disease by disrupting body’s balance
Why is Ecoli needed?
Helps with digestion in intestons
What are the non-specific defenses and their lines?
1st line - skin, mucus, tears and saliva barriers
2nd line - inflammation, fever, chemical inhibitors
What are the specific defenses and their immunities?
Cell-mediated immunity - T-cells seek and destroy foreign particles
Humoral immunity - B-cells release antibodies to destroy foreign particles
Ways to help immune system?
Active immunity
Passive immunity
Difference between active and passive immunity?
A: vaccines injected, body makes antibodies
P: body injected with temporary antibodies
What happens in the lysogenic cycle?
Virus attacks cell, inserts DNA. Cell divides, creating new cells with virus DNA.
What happens in the lytic cycle?
Virus DNA in replicated cells wakes up and takes over cell. Cell produces more viruses, which eventually burst out of cell and attach itself to other cells.
Why are viruses nonliving?
It needs a cell host to reproduce
Difference between lysogenic and lytic cycles in one word?
Lyso: dormant
Lytic: virulent
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
P: No nucleus, bacteria, asexual reproduction
E: Nucleus, everything else, sexual and asexual reproduction
How are viruses similar and different to living things?
S: DNA/RNA
D: Viruses don’t need food or water, can’t reproduce on own
Why isn’t there a vaccine for HIV?
Viruses evolve
How does Global Warming affect biodiversity?
- Destroys habitats
- Dramatic weather patterns
