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AP Biology > Chapter 1/2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1/2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Emergent property

A

property around substance

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2
Q

Reductionism

A

Reduction of complex systems to more managable systems to study

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3
Q

What is the balance of reductionism with understanding emergent property

A

Systems Biology

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4
Q

System is ____

A

combination of components that function together

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5
Q

What is the goal of systems biology?

A

Construct models for behavior of whole biological systems

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6
Q

What are the 2 operations of an ecosystem?

A
  1. Nutrients cycle

2. Sunlight cycle

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7
Q

While chemical nutrients are _______, energy enters as ______ and exits as ______

A

recycled through ecosystem, light, heat

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8
Q

In all energy conversions, what happens?

A

Some is converted to thermal energy that is left as heat

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9
Q

Structure and ____ are correllated

A

function

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10
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

E: nucleus in center, organelles membrane-enclosed
P: DNA not seperated, no membrane enclosure

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11
Q

Genes along DNA encode info for what?

A

Building cells/proteins

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12
Q

Each chain link in DNA is made of what?

A

1 out of 4 nucleotides

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13
Q

Genes program the cells production of what?

A

Proteins

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14
Q

DNA provides this, while proteins do what?

A
  • Blueprint

- Carry it out

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15
Q

What is a genome

A

Whole library of genetic instruction

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16
Q

What is feedback

A

Mechanism that self-regulates processes

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17
Q

In a negative feedback, what happens?

A

The end substance inhibits enzyme earlier in process to slow down

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18
Q

In a positive feedback, what happens?

A

The end substance stimulates enzyme earlier in process to quicken it

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19
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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20
Q

Other than protista kingdoms, what are the 3 kingdoms in the eukaryote domain? What are the differences between the 3?

A
  • Plantae: photosynthesis
  • Fungi: absorbs nutrients
  • Animalia: ingestion
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21
Q

What are Darwin’s 2 points?

A
  1. Species rose from a succession of ancestors

2. The mechanism for this is natural selection

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22
Q

An ancestral species can multiply to 2 if what happens?

A

Population is fragmented in different environments

23
Q

What are the 2 types of inquiry?

A
  1. Discovery science: describing

2. Hypothesis-based science: explaining

24
Q

Trace elements

A

Elements required by organisms in small sizes

25
Q

What measures the mass of atoms and subatomic particles

A

Dalton

26
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

27
Q

Mass number

A

Sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus

28
Q

Atomic mass

A

Total mass of an atom (usually same as mass number)

29
Q

Isotopes differ from normal atoms in that they…

A

have more neutrons

30
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Too many neutrons, nucleus decays and randomly gives off particles and energy

31
Q

If an atom turns radioactive, what can happen?

A

It can change elements

32
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to cause change

33
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy matter possesses because of location and structure

34
Q

Electron shells

A

Distance from nucleus means more energy absorbed

35
Q

Valence electrons

A

Electrons on outermost shell

36
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell

37
Q

When an atom is inert, what has happened?

A

It’s valence shell has been filled

38
Q

Orbital

A

3D space where electron is found most often

39
Q

Atoms are held together by _______

A

chemical bonds

40
Q

Covalent bond

A

Pair of valence electrons shared by 2 atoms

41
Q

The H2 molecule has what kind of bond?

A

Single bond/nonpolar covalent

42
Q

Double bond

A

2 pairs of electrons shared

43
Q

Valence

A

Bonding capacity

44
Q

Electronegativity

A

Tendency of atom to attract atoms

45
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Atoms equal in electronegativity, electrons shared

46
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

One atom more electronegative, creating positive/negative end

47
Q

Ionic bond

A

Two atoms so unequal in attraction that an electron is taken (attraction of cation and anion

48
Q

Sodium and chlorine form what kind of bond?

A

Ionic

49
Q

Ion

A

Charged atom

50
Q

Cation

A

Positive charged atom

51
Q

Anion

A

Negative charged atom

52
Q

In NaCl, which atom is the cation/anion?

A

Cation: sodium, anion: chlorine

53
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to electronegative atom also attracted to another electronegative atom

54
Q

Ionic compounds/salts

A

Compounds formed by ionic bonds

AP Biology (26 decks)

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