Chapter 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

A cline is an example of what?

A

Geographic variation

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2
Q

What 5 processes lead to micro evolution?

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Sexual reproduction
  3. Natural selection
  4. Gene flow
  5. Genetic drift
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3
Q

What are the types of genetic drift?

A

Founder effect and bottleneck effect

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4
Q

What’s the only mechanism that leads to adaptive evolution?

A

Natural selection

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5
Q

What are the 5 conditions in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A
  1. No mutations
  2. Random mating
  3. No natural selection
  4. Large population size (no genetic drift)
  5. No gene flow
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6
Q

What is relative fitness?

A

Contribution individual gives to gene pool of next generation (relative to others)

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7
Q

Intrasexual selection vs intersexual selection

A

Intrasexual: members of one sex compete against each other
Intersexual: individual of one sex picky about choosing mate

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8
Q

What are the 3 patterns of natural selection?

A

Directional, disruptive, stabilizing

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9
Q

How is genetic variation preserved?

A
  • Diploidy (hidden as recessive)

- Balancing selection (2 forms maintained)

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of balancing selection?

A
  1. Heterozygote advantage

2. Frequency-dependent solution (if phenotype is too common it will no longer be beneficial)

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11
Q

Why can’t natural selection create perfect organisms?

A
  • Only acts on existing traits
  • evolution limited by historical constraints
  • adaptions are often compromises
  • chance, natural selection and environment interact
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12
Q

What is average heterozygosity?

A

Percentage of heterozygous loci (measure of gene variability)

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