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AP Biology > Chapter 27.1 - 27.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 27.1 - 27.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What domains do prokaryotes make up?

A

2 out of 3 (archaea and bacteria)

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2
Q

What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?

A

Spheres, rods, and spirals

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3
Q

How do cell walls benefit prokaryotes?

A
  • Maintain shape
  • Provide protection
  • Prevent cell from bursting (hypotonic environment)
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4
Q

What makes up bacterial cell walls? Archaean cell walls?

A

Bacteria: peptidoglycan
Archaea: many polysaccharides and proteins (no chitin, cellulose, peptidoglycan)

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5
Q

Why are foods soaked in salt?

A

Prokaryotes will plasmolyze in hypertonic environments, thus killing them

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6
Q

What technique separates bacteria into 2 types? How are they separate (by what)?

A
  • Gram staining

- Separated based on composition of cell walls

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of bacteria caused by gram staining?

A

Gram-positive (simpler, more peptidoglycan)

Gram-negative (complex, lipopolysaccharides)

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8
Q

What type of bacteria is more dangerous in an infection?

A

Gram-negative

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9
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds most prokaryotic cell walls

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10
Q

What’s the purpose of a capsule?

A
  • Allows adhering to substrate/others
  • Protects against dehydration (hypotonic environment)
  • Protects against immune system attacks
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11
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Protein appendages that allows prokaryotes to stick to substrates or others

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12
Q

What are sex pili?

A

Long protein appendages which pulls cells together for DNA transfer

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13
Q

What is the most common feature that makes motility possible?

A

Flagellum

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14
Q

In a uniform environment, how do prokaryotes move by flagella?

A

In random movements

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15
Q

How do prokaryotes move in diverse environments?

A

They exhibit taxis, moving toward or away from stimulus

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16
Q

Prokaryotes that exhibit chemotaxis do what?

A

Change movement pattern in response to chemicals

17
Q

Difference between positive and negative chemotaxis?

A

Positive: moving towards nutrients or oxygen
Negative: moving away from toxic substance

18
Q

What do prokaryotes have instead of a nucleus? How is DNA composition different?

A
  • Region of cytoplasm called nucleoid

- Circular with fewer proteins (may have plasmid)

19
Q

How are ribosomes different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Smaller and differ in protein/RNA content in prokaryotes

20
Q

What conditions make prokaryotic reproduction limited?

A
  • Exhausting nutrient supply
  • Poisoned by metabolic wastes
  • Competition from other microorganisms
  • Being consumed by other organisms
21
Q

What three features allow prokaryotic populations to be very large?

A
  • Small
  • Reproduce by binary fission
  • Have short generation times
22
Q

How are endospores created?

A

In harsh conditions, cell copied chromosome and surrounds it with tough wall (endospore formed). Water is removed by endospore to halt metabolism and cell disintegrates, leaving only endospore.

23
Q

What 3 factors create genetic diversity among prokarytes?

A
  • Rapid reproduction
  • Mutation
  • Genetic recombination
24
Q

What 3 processes bring together prokaryotic DNA from different individuals (recombination)?

A
  • Transformation
  • Transduction
  • Conjugation
25
Q

What is transformation

A

Uptake of foreign DNA

26
Q

What is transduction

A

Phages carry bacterial DNA to donor cell; exchange of genes at homologous segments

27
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Transfer of genetic material between 2 bacterial cells that are temporarily joined

28
Q

What is the basic mechanism of conjugation?

A

Donor cell uses sex pili to attach to recipient; upon contact, sex pili is retracted, pulling cells together; mating bridge is then formed for DNA transfer

29
Q

What are Hfr cells?

A

Cells with F factor built into chromosome (donor cell)

30
Q

What is homologous gene transfer?

A

DNA is exchange at homologous gene segments

31
Q

What are resistant genes? What is an R plasmid?

A
  • Genes that code for enzymes that destroy or hinder specific antibiotics
  • Plasmid with resistance genes

AP Biology (26 decks)

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