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AP Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Energy released to break complex compounds to simple compounds

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3
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Energy consumed to build complex compounds from simple compounds

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4
Q

Cellular respiration is a catabolic/anabolic pathway

A

Catabolic (spontaneous)

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5
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to cause change

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6
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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7
Q

Thermal Energy

A

Kinetic energy associated with atom and molecule movements

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8
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy matter possesses because of location and structure

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9
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential energy ready for release in chemical reactions

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10
Q

Complex molecules are high in which type of energy?

A

Chemical energy; lots of energy can be released when broken down in a catabolic pathway

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11
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy transformations

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12
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; transferred

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13
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer increases entropy of universe

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14
Q

Free Energy

A

Energy available for conversions

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15
Q

Why can’t all energy be available in free energy transfers?

A

Some energy is lost as heat

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16
Q

Spontaneous processes increase/decrease free energy

A

Decrease; move towards equilibrium in which there is no free energy available

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17
Q

The equation for free energy can be simplified to…

A

G = final state - initial

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

State of maximum stability (free energy decreases as reactions reach this)

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19
Q

A negative free energy means….

A

Spontaneous/exergonic reaction. Free energy lost, stability increases, less likely to change

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20
Q

In spontaneous reactions, how does free energy and stability move?

A
  • Free energy: decreases

- Stability: increases

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21
Q

Respiration is a _______ reaction, while photosynthesis is a ________ reaction (why?)

A

-Exergonic/spontaneous
-Endergonic
Photosynthesis requires an input of energy, in the form of sunlight

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22
Q

Diffusion is what type of reaction and why?

A

Exergonic because diffused molecules have lower free energy and are more stable

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23
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Energy released to turn reactant to product

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24
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Energy absorbed to turn reactant to product

25
Q

What is the defining feature of life?

A

Metabolism is never at equilibrium, metabolic pathways fuel other reactions)

26
Q

Cells does what kinds of work?

A

Chemical, transport, mechanical

27
Q

Energy coupling

A

Use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic process

28
Q

The bonds between phosphate groups in ATP can be broken by what?

A

Hydrolysis

29
Q

The release of energy in ATP hydrolysis comes from what?

A

Chemical change to a state of lower free energy

30
Q

The three types of cellular work are powered by what?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

31
Q

How does ATP drive endergonic reactions?

A

Through phosphorylation

32
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Transfer of phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant

33
Q

The recipient molecule in phosphorylation is ______

A

phosphorylated

34
Q

ATP is a renewable resource… how is it regenerated?

A

Addition of phosphate group to ADP

35
Q

The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from what?

A

Catabolic reactions in cell

36
Q

The ATP formation from ADP and P is what type of reaction?

A

Endergonic; free energy must be spent

37
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical agent that speeds up reaction without being consumed

38
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalytic protein

39
Q

Activation Energy

A

Initial energy to start chemical reaction

40
Q

(pertaining to activation energy) Reactant bonds break only when what? How do they get this?

A
  • The molecules absorb enough to become unstable

- Absorb thermal energy

41
Q

Activation energy is typically supplied by what?

A

Heat from surroundings

42
Q

Enzymes do not affect this, but they ______

A

Don’t affect change in free energy, but hasten reactions that would eventually happen

43
Q

Active site

A

Region on enzyme where substrate binds to

44
Q

Induced fit

A

Enzyme changes to conform to substrate shape

45
Q

How can the active site lower the activation energy barrier?

A

Orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing favorable microenvironment, covalently bonding to substrate

46
Q

What can enzyme activity be affected by?

A
  • pH and temperature

- Chemicals that influence enzyme

47
Q

Cofactors

A

Nonprotein enzyme helpers

48
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic molecule cofactor

49
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Inhibitor that binds to active site and competes with substrate

50
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

Inhibitor that binds to another part of enzyme, changing shape to make active site less effective

51
Q

Examples of inhibitors?

A

Toxins, poisons, pesticides, antibiotics

52
Q

How does cell regulate metabolic pathways?

A

REgulating activity of enzymes

53
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

Protein’s function at one site if affected by the binding of a different molcule at another site

54
Q

How do allosteric regulators inhibit and stimulate enzyme activity?

A
  • Inhibitor stabilizes inactive form of enzyme

- Activator stabilizes active form of enzyme

55
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

End product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

56
Q

Hydrolysis is what type of reaction?

A

Exergonic

57
Q

Coupling involves transfer of energy with ______ to ______

A

Inorganic phosphate to a reactant

58
Q

What would happen if organisms didnt have input of free enregy?

A

Entropy increases, death occurs

AP Biology (26 decks)

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