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AP Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Energy enters an ecosystem as ____ and exits as ______

A

sunlight; heat

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2
Q

What releases the energy stored in glucose during cellular respiration? What is this released energy used for?

A
  • The transfer of electrons

- Used to synthesize ATP

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3
Q

Cellular respiration is a ______ reaction

A

exergonic

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4
Q

Redox reaction

A

Reaction with transfer of electrons between reactants

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5
Q

Oxidation

A

A substances loses electrons and is oxidized

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6
Q

Reduction

A

A substance gains electrons and is reduced.

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7
Q

In this equation: Na + Cl = Na+ + Cl- Which is oxidized and which is reduced?

A

-Na is oxidized, Cl is reduced
Remember that Na loses electrons, and therefore has more protons. It has a positive charge. Cl gains electrons and has less protons that electrons. Its charge is reduced to negative.

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8
Q

Reducing agent

A

Electron donor; this would be the substance that is oxidized

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9
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

Electron receptor; this would be the substance that is reduced

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10
Q

Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but change _______

A

electron sharing in covalent bonds

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11
Q

In cellular respiration, which is oxidized and which is reduced?

A
  • Glucose is oxidized

- Oxygen is reduced

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12
Q

In a molecule of H2O, which atom is reduced?

A

Oxygen is reduced as electrons of covalent bonds tend to gravitate towards it more

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13
Q

Oxidation of glucose transfers electrons to a ____ free energy level

A

Lower; they lose potential energy along the way

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14
Q

What is NAD+

A

An electron carrier coenzyme

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15
Q

NAD+ functions as a _____ agent during cellular respiration

A

Oxidizing

-Remember that NAD+ receives electrons, therefore it is reduced. So, it is an oxidizing agent.

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16
Q

What does NADH represent?

A

Stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

17
Q

What electron transfer is coupled with the reduction of NAD+?

A

The oxidation of glucose
(Dehydrogenase enzymes remove 2 hydrogen atoms from glucose, thus oxidizing it, and then delivers 2 electrons and 1 proton to NAD+)

18
Q

What do dehydrogenase enzymes do?

A

Oxidize glucose by removing 2 hydrogen atoms and delivers it to NAD+

19
Q

The Electron Transport Chain passes electrons down the chain until it meets _____, which is the stable and electron acceptor

A

O2

20
Q

The energy yielded from which process is used to generate ATP?

A

Electron Transport Chain

21
Q

Which process generates the most ATP and why?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation and because it is powered by redox reactions

22
Q

Which 2 processes generate the least ATP and why?

A

Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle because it is fueled by substrate-level phosphorylation

23
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Transfer of phosphate group from organic substrate to ADP

24
Q

Glycolysis breaks glucose into __(number)__ molecules of _____

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

25
Q

Where does glycolysis occur and what are its phases?

A

In cytoplasm, energy investment phase and energy payoff phase

26
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

-2 pyruvate and 2 H2O, 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 H+

The 2 ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and the NAD+ is reduced to NADH

27
Q

What does the Citric Acid Cycle ultimately do?

A

Completely oxidizes glucose in the presence of oxygen

28
Q

What happens before Krebs cycle begins and after glycolysis?

A

Carbon is lost as carbon dioxide, 2-carbon molecule combines with CoA to form acetyl CoA

29
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxygen

30
Q

More H+ ions = _____ pH

A

Lower

31
Q

The electron transport chain sends H+ from where to where?

A

Matrix to intermembrane space

32
Q

How does the exergonic flow of H+ ions create ATP?

A

Catabolic pathway of H+ across membrane through ATP synthase conforms ADP and phosphate group

33
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Use of energy in an H+ gradient to drive work

34
Q

What are the types of fermentation? What happens in these?

A
  • Alcohol: CO2 released from pyruvate, then that is oxidized. Ethanol is final.
  • Lactic: Pyruvate oxidized right away, creating lactate
35
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

Carry out fermentation and cannot survive in O2

36
Q

What three organic molecules are often utilized to make ATP by cellular respiration?

A

Proteins, fats, carbohydrates

37
Q

Why don’t cells catabolize carbon dioxide?

A

CO2 is already completely oxidized

AP Biology (26 decks)

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