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AP Biology > Chapter 45 > Flashcards

Chapter 45 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the chemical classes of hormones?

A
  • Polypeptides
  • Amines derived from amino acids
  • Steroid hormones
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2
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

Pass through cell membranes

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3
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

Cannot pass through cell membrane

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4
Q

Insulin is what type of hormone? Therefore…

A

Water-soluble, so its receptor is on cell membrane

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5
Q

Steroids are what type of hormone?

A

Lipid-soluble

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6
Q

What is the pathway of a water-soluble hormone?

A
  • Secretion from cell (exocytosis)
  • Free travel through bloodstream
  • Bind to cell-surface receptor
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7
Q

What is the pathway of a lipid-soluble hormone?

A
  • Diffuse across membrane
  • Travel through bloodstream bound to transport proteins
  • Diffuse through membrane of target cell
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8
Q

The hormone epinephrine is a _____-soluble hormone and is secreted by ________

A
  • water-soluble

- adrenal glands

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9
Q

What are the 2 responses to epinephrine?

A
  • Inhibition of glycogen synthesis

- Promotion of glycogen breakdown

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10
Q

What is the typical response to a lipid-soluble hormone

A

Change in gene expression

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11
Q

How can the same hormone have different effects on target cells?

A

Target cells have

  • Different receptors
  • Different pathway
  • Different proteins for carrying out response
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12
Q

What are animal hormones?

A

Chemical signals secreted into circulatory system that communicate regulatory messages within body

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13
Q

Endocrine system vs nervous system

A
  • Endocrine: secretes hormones that communicate longer-acting and slower responses (reproduction, development, growth)
  • Nervous: secretes high-speed hormones along specialized cells called neurons to regulate other cells
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14
Q

Function of hormones

A

Mediate responses to environmental stimuli and regulate growth, development, reproduction (endocrine)

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15
Q

Function of local regulators

A

Chemical signals that travel short distances by diffusion and regulate blood pressure, help nervous system function, and reproduction (endocrine)

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16
Q

Types of local regulators?

A
  • Paracrine signals act on cells nearby

- Autocrine signals act on own cell

17
Q

Function of neurons

A

Contact target cells at synapses (nervous)

18
Q

What happens as synapses?

A

Neurons secrete neurotransmitters that diffuse a short distance to bind to receptors on target cell

19
Q

Function of neurohormones

A

Originating from neurons in the brain, these hormones diffuse through bloodstream to target cells (nervous)

20
Q

Function of pheromones

A

Released from body through exocrine glands and used to communicate with other individuals

21
Q

Paracrine vs autocrine

A

Both local regulators secreted by endocrine system

  • Paracrine acts on nearby cells
  • Autocrine acts on own cell
22
Q

How does nitric oxide help erectile disfunction?

A

-NO is neurotransmitter/local regulator from nervous system

Activates enzyme that relaxes nearby muscle cells, increasing blood flow in tissues

23
Q

How do prostaglandins contribute to menstrual cramps?

A

-Local regulators

Stimulate muscle cells of uterine walls to trigger muscle contractions

24
Q

Function of endocrine signals

A

Secreted into extracellular fluids and travel via bloodstream (endocrine)

25
Q

Endocrine vs exocrine glands

A
  • Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into surrounding fluid
  • Exocrine glands have ducts and carry substances to outside the body (pheromones use this)
26
Q

What happens in a negative feedback loop of a pathway?

A

Inhibits response by reducing initial stimulus

27
Q

The pancreas has what two cells used for homeostasis of blood glucose level? What does each cell release?

A
  • Beta cells release insulin

- Alpha cells release glucagon

28
Q

What situation would cause insulin to be released?

A

If blood glucose level rises

29
Q

What situation would cause glucagon to be released?

A

If blood glucose level falls

30
Q

How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels?

A
  • Promoting uptake of glucose into glycogen
  • Slowing glycogen breakdown in liver
  • Promoting fat storage
31
Q

How does glucagon raise blood glucose levels?

A
  • Stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver

- Stimulating breakdown of fat/protein into glucose

32
Q

Difference between type I and type II diabetes

A
  • Type I: immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells (which secrete insulin)
  • Type II: insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

AP Biology (26 decks)

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