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AP Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 classes of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecule consisting of monomers

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3
Q

Condensation/dehydration reaction

A

Water molecule is lost to bond two monomers

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4
Q

Enzymes

A

Macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reverse of dehydration; water molecule added to break up bond of two monomers

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6
Q

How does the process of digestion use hydrolysis and dehydration?

A
  1. Polymer enters body too big, enzymes attack polymers to quicken hydrolysis
  2. Monomers absorbed into blood for distribution to cells
  3. Can be assembled back to polymers for usage
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7
Q

Carbohydrates include…

A

sugars

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8
Q

Simplest carbs

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

What are carbohydrate macromolecules?

A

Polysaccharides

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10
Q

Monosaccharide molecular formula?

A

CH20

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11
Q

How are monosaccharides classified by?

A
  1. Location of carbonyl group (makes sugar either aldose or ketose)
  2. Number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
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12
Q

In monosaccharides, the location of the carbonyl group makes the sugar either _____ or a ______

A

aldose or a ketose

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13
Q

How do carbohydrates help body?

A

Major fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules

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14
Q

Bond between carbohydrate monomers is called a ________

A

glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

_____ is a storage polysaccharide in plants, and _____ is a storage poly in animals

A
  • starch

- glycogen

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16
Q

Starch and glycogen are completely composed of ____

A

glucose

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17
Q

Where do plants store starch?

A

Chloroplasts

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18
Q

Where do humans store glycogen?

A

Liver and muscle cells

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19
Q

The polysaccharide ___ is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

A

cellulose

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20
Q

Why are starch/glycogen and cellulose different?

A

Has B glucose linkages, while starch has A glucose linkages, making them helical

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21
Q

What makes a glucose different from b glucose?

A

A - hydroxyl always below plane

B - hydroxyl switching after each plane

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22
Q

Cellulose cannot be broken down in humans because…

A

There are no enzymes to hydrolyze b linkages of cellulose

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23
Q

How do plants use cellulose? How is it beneficial to humans?

A
  • Walls

- In paper

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24
Q

How do cows digest cellulose?

A

Have symbiotic relationship with microbes that hydrolyze b linkages in cellulose

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25
Q

How are lipids different from other large biological molecules?

A

Has little/no affinity for water

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26
Q

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

A

Consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds

27
Q

Most important lipids are…

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

28
Q

What are fats constructed from?

A

1 glycerol connected to 3 fatty acids

29
Q

The linkage between glycerol and fatty acids in fats is called ____

A

Ester linkage

30
Q

Saturated fatty acids vs unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • Saturated: max number of hydrogen atoms, no double bonds

- Unsaturated: 1 or more double bonds

31
Q

Which type of fat is solid at room temperature?

A

Saturated

32
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Process of cenverting unsaturated fats to saturated by adding hydrogen

33
Q

Hydrogenation creats what kind of fat?

A

Trans fat

34
Q

Functions of fat?

A

Energy story, organ cushion, body insulation

35
Q

Difference between structure of phospholipids and fats?

A

P: 1 phosphate group, 2 fatty acids
F: 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

36
Q

Difference between characteristics of phospholipids and fats?

A

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic tail

37
Q

Cholesterol is a lipid, more specifically a ____

A

steroid

38
Q

If phospholipids are added to oil, what would happen?

A

They would form a single layer where hydrophobic tails contact with hydrocarbon regions of oil

39
Q

Functions of protein?

A

Structural support, storage, transport, etc.

40
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions taking place inside organisms

41
Q

What are the polymers created from amino acids?

A

Polypeptides

42
Q

What does a protein consist of?

A

One or more polypeptides

43
Q

How do amino acids differ in properties?

A

Due to differing R groups

44
Q

4 parts of amino acid?

A

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, variable group

45
Q

Amino acids are linked together by ____

A

peptide bonds

46
Q

Sequence of amino acids determines what of protein?

A

Structure

47
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A
  • Primary: sequence of amino acids
  • Secondary: coils and folds in polypeptide chain
  • Tertiary: overall shape of polypeptide determined by R group interactions
  • Quaternary: overall protein strucutre resulting from aggregation of polypeptide subunits
48
Q

Sickle-cell disease arises from an amino acid substituition in protein ____

A

hemoglobin

49
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of a protein’s native structure due to pH change, salt concentration, or temperature

50
Q

Chaperonins

A

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

51
Q

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by ___

A

genes

52
Q

Genes are made of ____

A

DNA

53
Q

Two types of nucleic acids

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

54
Q

Functions of DNA

A
  • DIrections for replication
  • Directs synthesis of mRNA
  • Through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
55
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

In ribosomes

56
Q

________ determine protein’s _____, and ______ determine this ______

A
  • Primary structure/polypeptides
  • shape
  • genes
  • primary structure
57
Q

Families of nitrogenous bases

A
  • Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil

- Purines: adenine, guanine

58
Q

Sugar in DNA and RNA

A

DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose

59
Q

Nitrogenous bases in DNA vs RNA

A

DNA: thymine
RNA: uracile

60
Q

Antiparallel

A

Arrangement when DNA double helix splits to create two backbones with 5’ and 3’ directions

61
Q

Why are carbs used as a source of quick energy rather than fat?

A
  • Less energy to break down

- Easier to access

62
Q

Hair is chemically straightened; which levels of protein structure are affected by this?

A

3 to 4

63
Q

Why are human sex hormones considered lipids?

A

They are steroids

AP Biology (26 decks)

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