unit 4 chapter 14

Question 1

factors that influence blood composition

Answer 1

age, alcohol consumption, altitude, dehydration, diet, exercise, gender, medication and medical treatment, obesity, posture and body position, pregnancy, smoking and tobacco use, stress

Question 2

2 metabolic stimulants that are prohibited during fasting period

Answer 2

caffeine and nicotine

Question 3

fasting specimens

Answer 3

minimize the interference of diet on test results, nothing but water for 8hrs
Phlebotomist musk ask patient if they had anything to eat or drink other than water
within the 8 hours “Have you been fasting for 8 hours?

Question 4

timed specimens

Answer 4

collected at specific times to determine changes in the substances of interest over time

Question 5

what do timed specimens monitor?

Answer 5

normal diurnal variation of various substances throughout the day

metabolism of dietary component, such as carbs

cardiac enzymes, used to rule out or diagnose myocardial infraction (heart attack) -tested at admissions, and then twice more at 8-hour intervals

medical levels such as coumadin and heparin

changes in a pt. condition bc of treatment
(hemoglobin or ABG)

Question 6

representative blood constituents that show marked diurnal variation

Answer 6

cortisol
progesterone
testosterone
serum iron
glucose
wbc

Question 7

diurnal variation

Answer 7

refers to the normal daily fluctuations in body chem related to change
-hormonal cycles
-sleep-wake cycles
-other pattern changes

Question 8

(TDM) therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 8

-pts. rate of metabolizing or excreting meds differ
-margin of safety, level of a drug is therapeutic and the level of which it becomes toxic
-timed specimens to measures levels of medication
-results used by pharmacy to adjust drug dosing
-pair of specimens through and peak

Question 9

Half- life

Answer 9

= the time for 1/2 of drug to metabolized, drugs with long half-life require only 1 timed specimen

Question 10

peak

Answer 10

highest serum level usually after dose given trough lowest serum level usually b4 dose is given

Question 11

diabetes testing

Answer 11

-dysfunctional glucose metabolism, causes hyperglycemia (high glucose)
-levels of glucose enters cell and controlled by insulin
-NO INSULIN or cells cannot respond to present insulin causes diabetes

Question 12

four types of diabetes

Answer 12

-type 1: autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in pancreas
-type 2: resistance of the body’s cells to the effects of insulin (most common)
-gestational: pregnancy
-caused by other causes

Question 13

glycated hemoglobin (a1c)

Answer 13

reflects the average blood glucose over 3 months can be random drawn, no fasting

Question 14

random glucose

Answer 14

drawn at any time, without regards to meals

Question 15

fasting glucose

Answer 15

fasting sample, drawn in AM before meal, abnormal verified with redraw and repeat analysis

Question 16

oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Answer 16

diabetes/another carb metabolism measures the change in blood glucose after drinking a very sweet solution

Question 17

Therapeutic phlebotomy

Answer 17

removal of blood from a pt. system as part of treatment for a disorder

Question 18

Polycythemia

Answer 18

a disease of excessive RBCs
-treated by therapeutic phlebotomy

Question 19

Hereditary hemochromatosis

Answer 19

-excessive iron in the blood
-500ml is removed for treatment, done a donor center
-can not be used for transfusion
(therapeutic phlebotomy )