Unit 4 AC3.3 Examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control

Question 1

What is recidivism?

Answer 1

Recidivism refers to the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.

Question 2

What are recidivism rates?

Answer 2

In 2017, the overall recidivism rate was 30% for offenders who received warnings, fines, community sentences, or suspended sentences.

Question 3

What contributes to the rising prison population?

Answer 3

The rising prison population is attributed to factors like repeat offending.

Question 4

What are the factors influencing repeat offending?

Answer 4

The number of previous convictions is a significant factor influencing reoffending likelihood.

Question 5

What are some statistics on recidivism rates?

Answer 5

Recidivism rates can vary based on the length of the sentence and offender demographics.

Question 6

How does the number of previous convictions affect reoffending likelihood?

Answer 6

Offenders with a higher number of previous convictions are more likely to reoffend.

Question 7

Are males or females more likely to reoffend?

Answer 7

Males tend to have higher rates of reoffending compared to females.

Question 8

What is the “dark figure” of reoffending?

Answer 8

The “dark figure” of reoffending refers to unreported or undetected instances of reoffending.

Question 9

How do theories like right realism and Marxism explain repeat offending?

Answer 9

Right realism suggests that prison acts as a deterrent, while Marxism relates repeat offending to socioeconomic conditions.

Question 10

What is the definition of civil liberties?

Answer 10

Civil liberties are basic rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals by law.

Question 11

What are some examples of civil liberties?

Answer 11

Examples of civil liberties include freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and privacy.

Question 12

What are the legal barriers to achieving social control?

Answer 12

Legal barriers to achieving social control include due process requirements and limitations on state power.

Question 13

Why do legal barriers exist in achieving social control?

Answer 13

Legal barriers exist to protect individual rights and ensure fairness in the justice system.

Question 14

How do authoritarian states enforce social control?

Answer 14

Authoritarian states use coercion and repression to enforce social control.

Question 15

What are some human rights abuses reported in certain countries?

Answer 15

Human rights abuses reported in certain countries include arbitrary detention and censorship.

Question 16

How do legal processes act as barriers to social control?

Answer 16

Legal processes act as barriers by requiring evidence, following due process, and protecting individual rights.

Question 17

How does the due process model of justice relate to civil liberties?

Answer 17

The due process model of justice emphasizes safeguarding civil liberties in legal proceedings.

Question 18

What is the link between Marxism and civil liberties?

Answer 18

Marxism critiques civil liberties as insufficient for meeting the needs of the working class.

Question 19

What are some examples of legal barriers to achieving social control?

Answer 19

Examples of legal barriers include limitations on deportation and fair trial rights.

Question 20

What issues may offenders not have enough time to address in prison?

Answer 20

Limited time in prison prevents addressing addiction, illiteracy, and anger management. Few places available for courses.

Question 21

What did the 2018 report of the Chief Inspector of Prisons reveal about education and training resources?

Answer 21

Half of prisons lacked “useful activity” programs. Only two-fifths delivered “good” or “reasonably good” activities.

Question 22

How did a 15% cut in prison officers affect rehabilitation efforts?

Answer 22

Fewer officers for supervision, early lock-up due to staff shortages, limiting access to education.

Question 23

What is the purpose of Release on Temporary Licence (ROTL)?

Answer 23

To allow trusted prisoners temporary release for courses, training, interviews, or work.

Question 24

How does the release environment affect likelihood of staying out of prison?

Answer 24

The environment greatly influences recidivism rates upon release.

Question 25

What did the Prison Reform Trust report in 2016 about family visits?

Answer 25

Family visits reduce reoffending, but 68% of prisoners lack them. Living with immediate family also lowers reoffending, but only 61% do so.

Question 26

What are key trends in community sentences and recidivism?

Answer 26

Some offenders serve full sentences in the community. Community sentences reduce reoffending (34% vs. 64% for shorter sentences).

Question 27

Why do individuals serving community sentences reoffend?

Answer 27

Inadequate support for complex needs, probation supervision, and failures by rehabilitation companies contribute to reoffending.

Question 28

How does Marxism explain crime and deviance?

Answer 28

Marxism argues that crime is a result of the bourgeoisie’s suppression of the proletariat, limiting their opportunities and forcing them into criminal behavior.

Question 29

What is the concept of labeling in criminology?

Answer 29

Labeling theory suggests that once labeled as an offender, individuals face discrimination and struggle to find employment, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy of deviance.

Question 30

How have budget cuts impacted the police force?

Answer 30

Budget cuts led to a 19% reduction in the police force and adverse consequences such as increased pressure, limited resources, and potential case dismissals.

Question 31

How have budget cuts affected the CPS (Crown Prosecution Service)?

Answer 31

A 25% budget cut for the CPS resulted in staff losses and difficulties investigating and prosecuting cases, particularly rape, fraud, and modern slavery due to resource and skill constraints.

Question 32

What are some consequences of budget cuts on the probation service?

Answer 32

The probation service’s part-privatization and subsequent shortcomings in private companies resulted in staff shortages, substandard performance, and compromised victim safety.

Question 33

How does the lack of funding affect achieving social control by prisons, police, and the CPS?

Answer 33

Insufficient funding hinders prisons, police, and the CPS in achieving social control, impacting rehabilitation, investigations, and case handling.

Question 34

How do certain policies limit the ability of agencies to achieve social control?

Answer 34

Certain policies restrict agencies’ effectiveness in maintaining social control by diverting focus and resources.

Question 35

Which government policies have an impact on agencies such as the Police and the CPS?

Answer 35

National government policies influence the work of agencies like the Police and the CPS.

Question 36

What example of a national policy made it easier for the police to conduct stop and search without reasonable suspicion?

Answer 36

In April 2019, a policy allowed police to stop and search individuals for offensive weapons without reasonable suspicion.

Question 37

What is the purpose of the Serious Violence Strategy and how does it involve various agencies?

Answer 37

The Serious Violence Strategy aims to address serious violence and involves collaboration among multiple agencies.

Question 38

Are there local priorities set in addition to national priorities for police forces in the UK?

Answer 38

Yes, local police forces can establish their own priorities alongside national priorities.

Question 39

Can you provide an example of a local policy implemented to reduce the use of weapons in a specific area?

Answer 39

London implemented a gun amnesty resulting in voluntary surrender of firearms and ammunition.

Question 40

How can media moral panics affect the priorities of police and other agencies at both local and national levels?

Answer 40

Media moral panics can shift focus and resource allocation, impacting enforcement and agency direction.

Question 41

What was the impact of the Dangerous Dogs moral panic on law changes and their effectiveness in protecting the public?

Answer 41

The Dangerous Dogs moral panic led to law changes but subsequent evaluations revealed their ineffectiveness.

Question 42

Under what circumstances do local police forces deprioritize an offense?

Answer 42

Local police may deprioritize an offense if it’s considered trivial, a resource waste, or difficult to enforce.

Question 43

How would you define “moral imperatives”?

Answer 43

“Moral imperatives” are strong personal convictions that compel individuals to take action, even if illegal.

Question 44

What are the consequences of individuals with moral imperatives?

Answer 44

Individuals with moral imperatives may be resistant to change, and punishment might not alter their perspective.

Question 45

Can you provide a case study of someone who acted on a moral imperative related to assisted suicide?

Answer 45

Kay Gilderdale aided her severely ill daughter’s suicide driven by a moral imperative for compassionate assistance.

Question 46

What moral imperative motivated the actions of the Suffragettes?

Answer 46

The Suffragettes were motivated by a moral imperative to achieve women’s suffrage and end the injustice of denial.

Question 47

Who is Luke Steele, and what moral imperative guided his actions?

Answer 47

Luke Steele was an animal rights activist guided by a moral imperative to protect animal rights.

Question 48

What was the outcome of the appeal for the Stansted 15, and what moral imperative motivated their actions?

Answer 48

The Stansted 15 won an appeal for endangering an aerodrome. They believed their actions protected lives.

Question 49

Who is Clive Ponting, and what moral imperative influenced his actions?

Answer 49

Clive Ponting leaked official secrets driven by a moral imperative to expose information in the public interest.

Question 50

What criminal damage did James and Wenham commit, and what moral imperative guided their actions?

Answer 50

James and Wenham committed criminal damage on a nuclear submarine, guided by a moral imperative to prevent war crimes.

Question 51

Why was Alan Blythe acquitted despite cultivating cannabis with intent to supply?

Answer 51

Alan Blythe’s compassionate motive to ease his wife’s suffering played a role in his acquittal.

Question 52

How can moral imperatives influence the actions of individuals even when their actions are considered illegal?

Answer 52

Moral imperatives can compel individuals to act based on their personal sense of justice, compassion, or change.

Question 53

What factors contribute to the public support received by individuals acting on moral imperatives?

Answer 53

Public support for individuals acting on moral imperatives is influenced by perceived righteousness and empathy.