Unit 4 AC3.3 Examine the limitations of agencies in achieving social control Flashcards
What is recidivism?
Recidivism refers to the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.
What are recidivism rates?
In 2017, the overall recidivism rate was 30% for offenders who received warnings, fines, community sentences, or suspended sentences.
What contributes to the rising prison population?
The rising prison population is attributed to factors like repeat offending.
What are the factors influencing repeat offending?
The number of previous convictions is a significant factor influencing reoffending likelihood.
What are some statistics on recidivism rates?
Recidivism rates can vary based on the length of the sentence and offender demographics.
How does the number of previous convictions affect reoffending likelihood?
Offenders with a higher number of previous convictions are more likely to reoffend.
Are males or females more likely to reoffend?
Males tend to have higher rates of reoffending compared to females.
What is the “dark figure” of reoffending?
The “dark figure” of reoffending refers to unreported or undetected instances of reoffending.
How do theories like right realism and Marxism explain repeat offending?
Right realism suggests that prison acts as a deterrent, while Marxism relates repeat offending to socioeconomic conditions.
What is the definition of civil liberties?
Civil liberties are basic rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals by law.
What are some examples of civil liberties?
Examples of civil liberties include freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and privacy.
What are the legal barriers to achieving social control?
Legal barriers to achieving social control include due process requirements and limitations on state power.
Why do legal barriers exist in achieving social control?
Legal barriers exist to protect individual rights and ensure fairness in the justice system.
How do authoritarian states enforce social control?
Authoritarian states use coercion and repression to enforce social control.
What are some human rights abuses reported in certain countries?
Human rights abuses reported in certain countries include arbitrary detention and censorship.
How do legal processes act as barriers to social control?
Legal processes act as barriers by requiring evidence, following due process, and protecting individual rights.
How does the due process model of justice relate to civil liberties?
The due process model of justice emphasizes safeguarding civil liberties in legal proceedings.
What is the link between Marxism and civil liberties?
Marxism critiques civil liberties as insufficient for meeting the needs of the working class.
What are some examples of legal barriers to achieving social control?
Examples of legal barriers include limitations on deportation and fair trial rights.
What issues may offenders not have enough time to address in prison?
Limited time in prison prevents addressing addiction, illiteracy, and anger management. Few places available for courses.
What did the 2018 report of the Chief Inspector of Prisons reveal about education and training resources?
Half of prisons lacked “useful activity” programs. Only two-fifths delivered “good” or “reasonably good” activities.
How did a 15% cut in prison officers affect rehabilitation efforts?
Fewer officers for supervision, early lock-up due to staff shortages, limiting access to education.
What is the purpose of Release on Temporary Licence (ROTL)?
To allow trusted prisoners temporary release for courses, training, interviews, or work.
How does the release environment affect likelihood of staying out of prison?
The environment greatly influences recidivism rates upon release.
What did the Prison Reform Trust report in 2016 about family visits?
Family visits reduce reoffending, but 68% of prisoners lack them. Living with immediate family also lowers reoffending, but only 61% do so.
What are key trends in community sentences and recidivism?
Some offenders serve full sentences in the community. Community sentences reduce reoffending (34% vs. 64% for shorter sentences).
Why do individuals serving community sentences reoffend?
Inadequate support for complex needs, probation supervision, and failures by rehabilitation companies contribute to reoffending.
How does Marxism explain crime and deviance?
Marxism argues that crime is a result of the bourgeoisie’s suppression of the proletariat, limiting their opportunities and forcing them into criminal behavior.
What is the concept of labeling in criminology?
Labeling theory suggests that once labeled as an offender, individuals face discrimination and struggle to find employment, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy of deviance.
How have budget cuts impacted the police force?
Budget cuts led to a 19% reduction in the police force and adverse consequences such as increased pressure, limited resources, and potential case dismissals.
How have budget cuts affected the CPS (Crown Prosecution Service)?
A 25% budget cut for the CPS resulted in staff losses and difficulties investigating and prosecuting cases, particularly rape, fraud, and modern slavery due to resource and skill constraints.
What are some consequences of budget cuts on the probation service?
The probation service’s part-privatization and subsequent shortcomings in private companies resulted in staff shortages, substandard performance, and compromised victim safety.
How does the lack of funding affect achieving social control by prisons, police, and the CPS?
Insufficient funding hinders prisons, police, and the CPS in achieving social control, impacting rehabilitation, investigations, and case handling.
How do certain policies limit the ability of agencies to achieve social control?
Certain policies restrict agencies’ effectiveness in maintaining social control by diverting focus and resources.
Which government policies have an impact on agencies such as the Police and the CPS?
National government policies influence the work of agencies like the Police and the CPS.
What example of a national policy made it easier for the police to conduct stop and search without reasonable suspicion?
In April 2019, a policy allowed police to stop and search individuals for offensive weapons without reasonable suspicion.
What is the purpose of the Serious Violence Strategy and how does it involve various agencies?
The Serious Violence Strategy aims to address serious violence and involves collaboration among multiple agencies.
Are there local priorities set in addition to national priorities for police forces in the UK?
Yes, local police forces can establish their own priorities alongside national priorities.
Can you provide an example of a local policy implemented to reduce the use of weapons in a specific area?
London implemented a gun amnesty resulting in voluntary surrender of firearms and ammunition.
How can media moral panics affect the priorities of police and other agencies at both local and national levels?
Media moral panics can shift focus and resource allocation, impacting enforcement and agency direction.
What was the impact of the Dangerous Dogs moral panic on law changes and their effectiveness in protecting the public?
The Dangerous Dogs moral panic led to law changes but subsequent evaluations revealed their ineffectiveness.
Under what circumstances do local police forces deprioritize an offense?
Local police may deprioritize an offense if it’s considered trivial, a resource waste, or difficult to enforce.
How would you define “moral imperatives”?
“Moral imperatives” are strong personal convictions that compel individuals to take action, even if illegal.
What are the consequences of individuals with moral imperatives?
Individuals with moral imperatives may be resistant to change, and punishment might not alter their perspective.
Can you provide a case study of someone who acted on a moral imperative related to assisted suicide?
Kay Gilderdale aided her severely ill daughter’s suicide driven by a moral imperative for compassionate assistance.
What moral imperative motivated the actions of the Suffragettes?
The Suffragettes were motivated by a moral imperative to achieve women’s suffrage and end the injustice of denial.
Who is Luke Steele, and what moral imperative guided his actions?
Luke Steele was an animal rights activist guided by a moral imperative to protect animal rights.
What was the outcome of the appeal for the Stansted 15, and what moral imperative motivated their actions?
The Stansted 15 won an appeal for endangering an aerodrome. They believed their actions protected lives.
Who is Clive Ponting, and what moral imperative influenced his actions?
Clive Ponting leaked official secrets driven by a moral imperative to expose information in the public interest.
What criminal damage did James and Wenham commit, and what moral imperative guided their actions?
James and Wenham committed criminal damage on a nuclear submarine, guided by a moral imperative to prevent war crimes.
Why was Alan Blythe acquitted despite cultivating cannabis with intent to supply?
Alan Blythe’s compassionate motive to ease his wife’s suffering played a role in his acquittal.
How can moral imperatives influence the actions of individuals even when their actions are considered illegal?
Moral imperatives can compel individuals to act based on their personal sense of justice, compassion, or change.
What factors contribute to the public support received by individuals acting on moral imperatives?
Public support for individuals acting on moral imperatives is influenced by perceived righteousness and empathy.
