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New Criminology Flashcards > Unit 2 AC4.1 Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy development > Flashcards

Unit 2 AC4.1 Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy development Flashcards

1
Q

Define tranquillisers.

A

A medicinal drug taken to reduce tension or anxiety.

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2
Q

Define castration.

A

The removal of testicles or sexual function in males.

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3
Q

Define superego.

A

Conscience or moral part of the mind – acting against it leads to guilt and anxiety.

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4
Q

Define eugenics

A

The study of how to increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable

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5
Q

How has Antabuse been used as a biological way of reducing crime?

A

Causes extreme hangover effects to drinkers – reduces aggression/violence

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6
Q

How has Methadone been used as a biological way of reducing crime?

A

Reduces withdrawal symptoms in heroin addicts – reduces possession crimes and petty theft to fund habits

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7
Q

How has Stilboestrol been used as a biological way of reducing crime?

A

Female hormone used in chemical castration – reduces sexual urges in sex offenders

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8
Q

How has Valium been used as a biological way of reducing crime?

A

Calms potentially violent or troublesome prisoners down

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9
Q

How has tear gas been used as a biological way of reducing crime?

A

Can be used to control and disperse crowds – causes breathing issues and disorientation

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10
Q

How has diet been used as a biological way of reducing crime?

A

Can be modified to change behavior: additives, vitamins, food coloring, etc.

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11
Q

How has surgical castration been used as a biological way of reducing crime?

A

Has been used to control sex offenders’ urges by removing testicles

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12
Q

How has lobotomy been used as a biological way of reducing crime?

A

Brain surgery to change behavior in violent/sex offenders

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13
Q

How has eugenics been used as a genetic way of reducing crime?

A

Based on the idea that undesirable genes (e.g., criminal gene) can be ‘bred out’

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14
Q

How has compulsory sterilization been used as a genetic way of reducing crime?

A

Several countries introduced laws in the early 20th century to sterilize ‘defectives’

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15
Q

How was eugenics used in Nazi Germany?

A

Extreme eugenics policies led to ‘racial purification’ and the Holocaust

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16
Q

How can psychoanalysis reduce crime?

A

Based on Freud’s idea that the analyst can resolve unconscious conflicts that lead to criminal behavior

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17
Q

Why did Aichorn think Young Offending Institutions could reduce crime?

A

Developed more nurturing YOIs to develop a stronger superego among delinquent youths

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18
Q

Is psychoanalysis effective?

A

Not very. Takes a long time, costs a lot, and the analyst is able to abuse their power

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19
Q

How can token economies reduce crime?

A

Based on the idea that positive reinforcement leads to the repetition of desirable behavior

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20
Q

How have token economies been used in prisons?

A

Inmates earn tokens for desired behavior which are exchanged for rewards

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21
Q

Are token economies effective?

A

Improved behavior in prison, slower return to crime on release, but not long-lasting

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22
Q

Define ART

A

Aggression replacement therapy

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23
Q

Define SFP

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy. The individual lives up to the label they have been given

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24
Q

Define panopticon

A

‘All-seeing’

25
Q

Why might aversion therapy reduce crime according to Eysenck?

A

Based on Eysenck’s idea that highly neurotic criminals are harder to condition

26
Q

How does aversion therapy work?

A

Used on sex offenders to associate sexual arousal with severely unpleasant stimulus

27
Q

Is aversion therapy effective?

A

Limited, short-term, and an abuse of human rights (when used to ‘cure’ gay men)

28
Q

How can cognitive behavioral therapy reduce crime?

A

To correct ‘faulty’ thinking patterns of offenders

29
Q

What does ART involve?

A

Used with violent/aggressive offenders. Involves skills training, anger control, moral reasoning

30
Q

Is ART effective?

A

Lower reconviction rates. Some studies suggest limited behavioral change

31
Q

What is Think First?

A

One-to-one or group sessions for repeat offenders on probation. Includes problem-solving, consequential thinking, decision making, and perspective taking

32
Q

What needs to be done to reduce crime according to Merton?

A

Making society more equal would reduce crime

33
Q

Are Merton’s arguments effective?

A

Policies to tackle poverty, create equal opportunities in school, provide education in prisons

34
Q

What is the basis of labeling theory?

A

Crime is a result of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

35
Q

Why do labeling theorists promote decriminalization?

A

Decriminalizing minor offenses avoids labeling

36
Q

Why do labeling theorists promote diversion?

A

Officially or unofficially avoiding young criminals entering the criminal justice system

37
Q

Why do labeling theorists promote reintegrative shaming?

A

Labelling the act but not the actor

38
Q

Are labeling theorists’ strategies to reduce crime effective?

A

Can deal successfully with minor offenses and young offenders. Avoiding labeling prevents them from being pushed into a deviant career

39
Q

How does CCTV reduce crime?

A

Leads people to self-regulate as they never know if they are being watched or not

40
Q

Is CCTV effective?

A

Easy for criminals to overcome. Probably more effective as reassurance for the public

41
Q

How does profiling reduce crime?

A

Uses statistical data to draw up a picture of likely offenders

42
Q

Can profiling successfully reduce crime?

A

Can be discriminatory and lead to the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

43
Q

What is situational crime prevention (SCP)?

A

Measures to make crime more difficult, such as locks, security guards, and reshaping the environment to design out crime

44
Q

What is target hardening?

A

Measures to make crime more difficult, such as locks, security guards, and reshaping the environment to design out crime

45
Q

What is displacement?

A

Criminals adopt different methods or different targets rather than not committing crime at all

46
Q

What is environmental crime prevention (ECP)?

A

Measures to make crime more difficult, such as locks, security guards, and reshaping the environment to design out crime

47
Q

What is zero-tolerance policing (ZTP)?

A

Tough stance on all crime, even the most trivial. Police concentrate on things like begging and prostitution

48
Q

What is incapacitation?

A

Criminals in prison are unable to commit crimes

49
Q

What is an Anti-Social Behaviour Order (ASBO)?

A

Sanction for causing harassment, alarm, or distress within a designated area

50
Q

What is democratic policing?

A

Involving the people and allowing them to have a say in the policies that affect them

51
Q

What is a Police Community Support Officer (PCSO)?

A

A support officer in the police force

52
Q

What is the basis of left realism?

A

The root cause of crime is an unequal and unfair social structure

53
Q

What policies do left realists propose to tackle crime?

A

Tackle discrimination, inequality of opportunity, lack of good jobs for all, lack of decent housing for all

54
Q

Would left realist policies be effective?

A

Reduces relative deprivation and thus reduces some crimes

55
Q

What is multi-agency working?

A

Involving many agencies apart from the police in the fight against crime

56
Q

How effective are multi-agency approaches?

A

Some successful campaigns have taken this approach

57
Q

What was the New Labour approach to crime?

A

Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime

58
Q

Have New Labour approaches to crime been effective?

A

Some successful campaigns have taken this approach

New Criminology Flashcards (28 decks)

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