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New Criminology Flashcards > Unit 4 AC3.2 Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control > Flashcards

Unit 4 AC3.2 Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control Flashcards

1
Q

What are behavioural tactics?

A

Ways agencies change behavior to conform to social norms and laws.

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2
Q

When were CBOs and Civil Injunctions introduced?

A

Introduced in 2012 by Theresa May.

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3
Q

What is the aim of Civil Injunctions?

A

Deal with low-level nuisance and annoyance.

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4
Q

What are the consequences of breaching a Civil Injunction?

A

Up to 2 years in prison for adults, 3-month detention for under 18s.

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5
Q

What is the process for obtaining a Civil Injunction?

A

Engage in conduct causing annoyance or nuisance, agency applies for injunction, court grants injunction.

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6
Q

What is the aim of CBOs?

A

Deal with seriously anti-social behaviors causing distress.

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7
Q

What are the consequences of breaching a CBO?

A

Up to 2 years in prison for adults, 1-2 years’ detention for under 18s.

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8
Q

What are the positive requirements of a CBO?

A

Require positive actions to improve behavior, e.g., drug treatment, fixing property damage.

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9
Q

What are the negative requirements of a CBO?

A

Prohibit certain actions, e.g., staying away from a place, avoiding certain people.

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10
Q

What is a token economy?

A

Behavior modification program in prisons and institutions.

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11
Q

What are the aims of a token economy?

A

Shape behavior for social control, reward conformity.

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12
Q

Who developed the operant learning theory that underpins the Token Economy program?

A

B.F. Skinner.

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13
Q

How is social control achieved in a token economy?

A

List of desired behaviors, tokens for compliance, exchange for rewards.

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14
Q

How effective are token economies?

A

Reinforce desirable behavior, discourage undesirable behavior.

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15
Q

What did the HOBBS and HOLT study find about token economies?

A

Behavior change lasted during the study period.

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16
Q

What is a limitation of token economies outside of prison?

A

Desirable behaviors may disappear without reinforcement.

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17
Q

How do offenders who have gone through token economy programs compare to those who haven’t?

A

Take longer to return to crime.

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18
Q

What is a risk associated with token economy programs in prisons?

A

Focus on institution’s needs over inmates’ rehabilitation.

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19
Q

What could be a reason for prisoners changing their behavior in a token economy program?

A

Gain attention rather than tokens.

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20
Q

What institutions use token economies?

A

Prisons, young offender institutions, psychiatric hospitals.

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21
Q

What does CPTED stand for?

A

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.

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22
Q

Who is Oscar Newman?

A

He is an architect known for his work on defensible spaces and their impact on crime rates.

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23
Q

What are indefensible spaces?

A

They are confused spaces where crime is more likely to occur, such as stairwells and anonymous walkways.

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24
Q

What are defensible spaces?

A

They have clear boundaries and a lower crime rate, with features like territoriality and natural surveillance.

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25
Q

Who is Alice Coleman?

A

She is a UK criminologist known for her research on the impact of poor flat design on crime rates.

26
Q

What did Alice Coleman’s research find?

A

She found that poor flat design led to higher rates of crime and anti-social behavior.

27
Q

What recommendations did Alice Coleman make?

A

She suggested avoiding building more blocks of flats and incorporating individual garden spaces.

28
Q

What is Lisson Green Estate?

A

It is an estate in London that experienced a 50% reduction in crime after removing overhead walkways.

29
Q

What is an Architectural Liaison Officer?

A

It is an officer employed by police forces to incorporate crime prevention features into building designs.

30
Q

What is Secured by Design kitemark?

A

It is a scheme indicating that new builds meet crime prevention standards, leading to a 30% lower burglary rate.

31
Q

What is the aim of gated lanes?

A

To design out crime and prevent various offenses like burglaries and anti-social behavior.

32
Q

Who has the power to erect gated lanes?

A

The local authority.

33
Q

How do lockable gates installed in alleyways work?

A

They reduce crime by increasing the effort, increasing surveillance, and creating a sense of territoriality.

34
Q

What is the situational crime prevention?

A

It involves target hardening and changing the environment to increase the costs of crime.

35
Q

What is Felson’s Routine Activity Theory?

A

It emphasizes the role of capable guardians and mutual surveillance in preventing crime.

36
Q

How does CPTED relate to Rational Choice Theory?

A

CPTED considers offenders’ rational decision-making, using features like tall gates as deterrents.

37
Q

What is the key idea of prison design in social control?

A

The built environment can be used to control behavior and achieve social control in prisons.

38
Q

What is the Panopticon design?

A

It is a prison design where prisoners’ cells are visible to guards from a central watchtower, leading to self-surveillance.

39
Q

How does surveillance theory relate to social control?

A

It suggests that self-surveillance has become an effective means of social control in modern societies.

40
Q

What are some criticisms of CPTED?

A

Concerns include a focus on external threats, limitations in addressing non-physical crimes, and the allocation of “problem families” to certain areas by local councils.

41
Q

Examples of institutional sanctions?

A

Withholding pocket money for staying out late in the family, gold star for full marks in school, pay docked for lateness at work, court martial for army disobedience.

42
Q

What tactics do institutions use for social control?

A

Token economies are commonly used tactics in institutions for regulating behavior.

43
Q

What is the role of courts in the criminal justice system?

A

Courts sentence offenders based on the nature and severity of their crimes.

44
Q

How do community orders contribute to social control?

A

Community orders require offenders to undergo rehabilitative programs.

45
Q

What is the purpose of probation services?

A

Probation services monitor and supervise offenders serving community sentences or released from prison.

46
Q

What are prison rules and who enforces them?

A

Prison rules are a set of regulations applicable to all prisons, enforced by prison governors.

47
Q

What are the consequences of breaking prison rules?

A

Consequences include loss of privileges, solitary confinement, transfer to a higher-security prison, and extended sentence.

48
Q

What is phased/staged discipline in the prison system?

A

Phased/staged discipline entails progressively stricter punishments for repeat offenses.

49
Q

How are state social control agencies funded?

A

State social control agencies are typically funded through taxes.

50
Q

What limits the resources available to state agencies?

A

Public willingness to pay and demands from other sectors like healthcare and education limit available resources.

51
Q

How did budget cuts affect state social control agencies?

A

Budget cuts resulted in reduced effectiveness, with fewer police officers, staff, and resources allocated to prisons and the CPS.

52
Q

What percentage of crimes are typically unreported?

A

Only about 40% of crimes are reported, with some types of crimes being reported more than others.

53
Q

What are some issues related to unreported crime?

A

Unreported crime hinders the investigation, prosecution, and conviction of offenders, leading to a lack of charges and disclosure.

54
Q

What role do existing laws play in achieving social control?

A

Existing laws provide a framework for state agencies to enforce social control and prosecute offenders.

55
Q

What challenges arise when dealing with extremist material online?

A

Determining liability for social media companies and enforcing laws on hate speech and terrorist content poses challenges in controlling online material.

56
Q

How have Germany and Australia addressed online content control?

A

Germany enacted laws requiring the removal of hate speech and illegal content under penalties, while Australia passed legislation requiring notification or removal of specific violent videos.

57
Q

What new burden has emerged for criminal investigations?

A

Digital technology has created an extra burden on criminal investigations due to the vast amounts of data generated.

58
Q

What contribution do agencies make to achieving social control?

A

Agencies play a vital role in achieving social control through supervision, monitoring, and enforcement of laws and regulations.

59
Q

What are the gaps in state provision for social control?

A

Gaps in state provision arise due to limited resources, competing demands, and budget cuts, impacting the effectiveness of social control agencies.

60
Q

How do financial crises affect state agencies’ effectiveness?

A

Financial crises, like the one in 2008, led to reduced budgets and staff for state agencies, diminishing their effectiveness in achieving social control.

61
Q

What are the consequences of unreported crime?

A

Unreported crime leads to underestimation of crime rates, failure to address offenses, and lack of support for victims.

New Criminology Flashcards (28 decks)

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