Unit 4 AC3.2 Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control Flashcards
What are behavioural tactics?
Ways agencies change behavior to conform to social norms and laws.
When were CBOs and Civil Injunctions introduced?
Introduced in 2012 by Theresa May.
What is the aim of Civil Injunctions?
Deal with low-level nuisance and annoyance.
What are the consequences of breaching a Civil Injunction?
Up to 2 years in prison for adults, 3-month detention for under 18s.
What is the process for obtaining a Civil Injunction?
Engage in conduct causing annoyance or nuisance, agency applies for injunction, court grants injunction.
What is the aim of CBOs?
Deal with seriously anti-social behaviors causing distress.
What are the consequences of breaching a CBO?
Up to 2 years in prison for adults, 1-2 years’ detention for under 18s.
What are the positive requirements of a CBO?
Require positive actions to improve behavior, e.g., drug treatment, fixing property damage.
What are the negative requirements of a CBO?
Prohibit certain actions, e.g., staying away from a place, avoiding certain people.
What is a token economy?
Behavior modification program in prisons and institutions.
What are the aims of a token economy?
Shape behavior for social control, reward conformity.
Who developed the operant learning theory that underpins the Token Economy program?
B.F. Skinner.
How is social control achieved in a token economy?
List of desired behaviors, tokens for compliance, exchange for rewards.
How effective are token economies?
Reinforce desirable behavior, discourage undesirable behavior.
What did the HOBBS and HOLT study find about token economies?
Behavior change lasted during the study period.
What is a limitation of token economies outside of prison?
Desirable behaviors may disappear without reinforcement.
How do offenders who have gone through token economy programs compare to those who haven’t?
Take longer to return to crime.
What is a risk associated with token economy programs in prisons?
Focus on institution’s needs over inmates’ rehabilitation.
What could be a reason for prisoners changing their behavior in a token economy program?
Gain attention rather than tokens.
What institutions use token economies?
Prisons, young offender institutions, psychiatric hospitals.
What does CPTED stand for?
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.
Who is Oscar Newman?
He is an architect known for his work on defensible spaces and their impact on crime rates.
What are indefensible spaces?
They are confused spaces where crime is more likely to occur, such as stairwells and anonymous walkways.
What are defensible spaces?
They have clear boundaries and a lower crime rate, with features like territoriality and natural surveillance.
Who is Alice Coleman?
She is a UK criminologist known for her research on the impact of poor flat design on crime rates.
What did Alice Coleman’s research find?
She found that poor flat design led to higher rates of crime and anti-social behavior.
What recommendations did Alice Coleman make?
She suggested avoiding building more blocks of flats and incorporating individual garden spaces.
What is Lisson Green Estate?
It is an estate in London that experienced a 50% reduction in crime after removing overhead walkways.
What is an Architectural Liaison Officer?
It is an officer employed by police forces to incorporate crime prevention features into building designs.
What is Secured by Design kitemark?
It is a scheme indicating that new builds meet crime prevention standards, leading to a 30% lower burglary rate.
What is the aim of gated lanes?
To design out crime and prevent various offenses like burglaries and anti-social behavior.
Who has the power to erect gated lanes?
The local authority.
How do lockable gates installed in alleyways work?
They reduce crime by increasing the effort, increasing surveillance, and creating a sense of territoriality.
What is the situational crime prevention?
It involves target hardening and changing the environment to increase the costs of crime.
What is Felson’s Routine Activity Theory?
It emphasizes the role of capable guardians and mutual surveillance in preventing crime.
How does CPTED relate to Rational Choice Theory?
CPTED considers offenders’ rational decision-making, using features like tall gates as deterrents.
What is the key idea of prison design in social control?
The built environment can be used to control behavior and achieve social control in prisons.
What is the Panopticon design?
It is a prison design where prisoners’ cells are visible to guards from a central watchtower, leading to self-surveillance.
How does surveillance theory relate to social control?
It suggests that self-surveillance has become an effective means of social control in modern societies.
What are some criticisms of CPTED?
Concerns include a focus on external threats, limitations in addressing non-physical crimes, and the allocation of “problem families” to certain areas by local councils.
Examples of institutional sanctions?
Withholding pocket money for staying out late in the family, gold star for full marks in school, pay docked for lateness at work, court martial for army disobedience.
What tactics do institutions use for social control?
Token economies are commonly used tactics in institutions for regulating behavior.
What is the role of courts in the criminal justice system?
Courts sentence offenders based on the nature and severity of their crimes.
How do community orders contribute to social control?
Community orders require offenders to undergo rehabilitative programs.
What is the purpose of probation services?
Probation services monitor and supervise offenders serving community sentences or released from prison.
What are prison rules and who enforces them?
Prison rules are a set of regulations applicable to all prisons, enforced by prison governors.
What are the consequences of breaking prison rules?
Consequences include loss of privileges, solitary confinement, transfer to a higher-security prison, and extended sentence.
What is phased/staged discipline in the prison system?
Phased/staged discipline entails progressively stricter punishments for repeat offenses.
How are state social control agencies funded?
State social control agencies are typically funded through taxes.
What limits the resources available to state agencies?
Public willingness to pay and demands from other sectors like healthcare and education limit available resources.
How did budget cuts affect state social control agencies?
Budget cuts resulted in reduced effectiveness, with fewer police officers, staff, and resources allocated to prisons and the CPS.
What percentage of crimes are typically unreported?
Only about 40% of crimes are reported, with some types of crimes being reported more than others.
What are some issues related to unreported crime?
Unreported crime hinders the investigation, prosecution, and conviction of offenders, leading to a lack of charges and disclosure.
What role do existing laws play in achieving social control?
Existing laws provide a framework for state agencies to enforce social control and prosecute offenders.
What challenges arise when dealing with extremist material online?
Determining liability for social media companies and enforcing laws on hate speech and terrorist content poses challenges in controlling online material.
How have Germany and Australia addressed online content control?
Germany enacted laws requiring the removal of hate speech and illegal content under penalties, while Australia passed legislation requiring notification or removal of specific violent videos.
What new burden has emerged for criminal investigations?
Digital technology has created an extra burden on criminal investigations due to the vast amounts of data generated.
What contribution do agencies make to achieving social control?
Agencies play a vital role in achieving social control through supervision, monitoring, and enforcement of laws and regulations.
What are the gaps in state provision for social control?
Gaps in state provision arise due to limited resources, competing demands, and budget cuts, impacting the effectiveness of social control agencies.
How do financial crises affect state agencies’ effectiveness?
Financial crises, like the one in 2008, led to reduced budgets and staff for state agencies, diminishing their effectiveness in achieving social control.
What are the consequences of unreported crime?
Unreported crime leads to underestimation of crime rates, failure to address offenses, and lack of support for victims.
