Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

New Criminology Flashcards > Unit 4 AC3.1 Explain the role of agencies in social control > Flashcards

Unit 4 AC3.1 Explain the role of agencies in social control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aims of the police according to the Association of Chief Police Officers?

A

Keep peace, protect life and property, prevent, detect and investigate crime, bring offenders to justice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What philosophy was set up by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 for the Metropolitan Police force?

A

Prevent crime and disorder, rely on public cooperation, minimal force, impartial service to the law.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the sources of funding for the police?

A

Central government, local council tax, charging for services.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the total police budget in 2018/19?

A

£12.3 billion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How has the police funding changed in recent years?

A

Funding fell by 19% between 2010 and 2018.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many police officers were there in England and Wales in March 2019?

A

Over 123,000 police officers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What powers do the police have in relation to crime?

A

Stop, question, search, arrest, detain, interview individuals in relation to crime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is embedded in the Police Code of ethics?

A

Philosophy of public service and maintaining public support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many regional police forces are there in England and Wales?

A

39 regional police forces in England, 4 in Wales.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many police forces are there for Scotland and Northern Ireland?

A

One police force each for Scotland and Northern Ireland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some specialist police organizations with UK-wide reach?

A

National Crime Agency, British Transport Police, Border Force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What types of criminality and offenders do the police deal with?

A

All types of offenses and offenders, with specialized agencies for specific crimes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the general duties of the police?

A

Patrolling, community work, responding to calls, securing crime scenes, gathering evidence, apprehending offenders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some examples of specialist departments within the police?

A

CID, Fraud and Drugs Squad, Special Branch, Covert operations, Traffic and Mounted Police.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the working practices of the police in terms of national and local reach?

A

39 regional police forces in England, 4 in Wales, one police force each for Scotland and Northern Ireland, along with specialized organizations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do the police deal with different types of criminality and offenders?

A

Deal with all offenses and offenders, with specialized agencies for certain types of criminals and crimes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the general duties of the police in terms of their daily work?

A

Patrolling, community work, responding to calls, securing crime scenes, gathering evidence, apprehending offenders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some examples of specialist units or departments within the police?

A

CID, Fraud and Drugs Squad, Special Branch, Covert operations, Traffic and Mounted Police.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some examples of national-level specialist roles within the police?

A

National Crime Agency (e.g., Child Exploitation and Online Protection), Metropolitan Police (e.g., SO15 Counter Terrorism Command), Special Constables, Police Community Support Officers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of Police and Crime Commissioners?

A

Elected representatives of the people within a Police Force’s area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When and why was the CPS set up?

A

The CPS was established in 1986 to prevent bias and take over prosecuting role from the police.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main role of the CPS?

A

The CPS prosecutes serious and complex cases in England and Wales.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the aims and objectives of the CPS?

A

The CPS advises police, assesses evidence, decides prosecutions, prepares cases, and supports victims and witnesses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the CPS contribute to social control?

A

The CPS prosecutes serious offenses and ensures justice with fairness and independence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What values underpin the CPS?

A

Independence, fairness, honesty, respect, professionalism, excellence, equality, and inclusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does the CPS get its funding?

A

The government funds the CPS, and it recovers costs from court awards and confiscated assets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How has CPS funding changed recently?

A

Funding has been cut, impacting staffing and effectiveness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does the CPS handle criminality and offenders?

A

The CPS deals with majority of offenses and offenders, focusing on serious cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the reach of the CPS in its working practices?

A

The CPS operates nationally with 14 regional teams working locally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is CPS Direct?

A

CPS Direct provides charging decisions to police nationwide, operating 24/7.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What tests does the CPS use?

A

The CPS uses evidential and public interest tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What factors are considered in the public interest test?

A

Factors include offense severity, suspect’s culpability, community impact, proportionality, and protecting information sources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When can a suspect be charged with insufficient evidence?

A

Under certain circumstances, if reasonable grounds exist for guilt and more evidence can be gathered later (Threshold Test).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the role of the Chief Crown Prosecutor?

A

Chief Crown Prosecutors lead regional teams in prosecution efforts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does the CPS support victims and witnesses?

A

The CPS assists, informs, and supports them throughout the legal process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does the CPS inspire confidence in the legal system?

A

By upholding values and treating everyone with respect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What types of cases does the CPS handle?

A

The CPS handles serious and complex cases, including major offenses, organized crime, and terrorism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How does the CPS recover costs?

A

Costs are recovered from court awards and confiscated criminal assets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the CPS budget?

A

The CPS has a budget of around half a billion pounds per year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What types of criminality and offenders does the CPS deal with?

A

The CPS deals with serious offences and the majority of cases, except for very minor offences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does the CPS handle very minor offences?

A

Very minor offences are not handled by the CPS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the role of Chief Crown Prosecutors within the CPS?

A

Chief Crown Prosecutors head each of the 14 regional teams within the CPS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is CPS Direct and what service does it provide?

A

CPS Direct is a virtual service that provides charging decisions to police nationwide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does the CPS assess in order to determine whether to prosecute a case?

A

The CPS assesses whether there is enough evidence to secure a conviction for a suspect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the key questions considered in the public interest test?

A

The public interest test considers factors like offence seriousness, suspect’s culpability, and impact on the community.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Under what circumstances can a suspect be charged even with limited evidence?

A

A suspect can be charged with limited evidence if there are reasonable grounds for guilt and potential for conviction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the two requirements for applying the Threshold Test?

A

Reasonable grounds for guilt and serious offences are the requirements for applying the Threshold Test.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the reach of the CPS in terms of its jurisdiction?

A

The CPS operates nationwide in England and Wales and has 14 regional teams for local prosecutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How many regional teams does the CPS have for prosecuting cases locally?

A

CPS Direct is a virtual service that provides charging decisions to police nationwide, available 24/7.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does the CPS collaborate with local police forces and other partners?

A

The CPS works closely with local police forces and other criminal justice partners in its operations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How does the CPS evaluate whether a prosecution is in the public interest?

A

The CPS considers factors such as the seriousness of the offence, suspect’s level of culpability, and public interest in prosecutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How does the CPS handle cases involving information sources and other investigations?

A

The CPS handles cases involving information sources and other investigations with appropriate measures to ensure their protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the criteria for applying the Threshold Test?

A

The Threshold Test requires reasonable grounds for guilt and the offence to be serious enough to justify immediate charging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How does the CPS handle cases where immediate charging is justified and bail is not appropria

A

The CPS reviews cases where immediate charging is justified and bail is not appropriate throughout the process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the main aim of the judiciary in social control?

A

The main aim of the judiciary is to interpret and apply the law to the cases that come before the courts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the responsibilities of judges in the Crown Court?

A

In the Crown Court, judges manage the trial, explain legal issues to the jury, sum up the evidence, and pass sentences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What role do judges play in the appeal courts?

A

In the appeal courts, judges make rulings on appeals from lower courts, creating precedents that bind future decisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the six principles outlined in the Guide to Judicial Conduct (2016)?

A

The Guide to Judicial Conduct outlines six principles: judicial independence, impartiality, integrity, propriety, equal treatment, and competence.

59
Q

What does judicial independence mean?

A

Judicial independence means being free from government interference in decisions to uphold the rule of law and safeguard citizens’ rights.

60
Q

What is the importance of impartiality for judges?

A

Impartiality requires judges to remain neutral and not show favoritism towards any party.

61
Q

How is integrity defined in relation to judges?

A

Integrity refers to judges being honest and having strong moral principles.

62
Q

What is the significance of propriety for judges?

A

Propriety means upholding accepted standards of behavior and morals in society.

63
Q

What is the principle of equal treatment in the judicial system?

A

Equal treatment ensures fairness for everyone who comes before the courts.

64
Q

What is the requirement of competence for judges?

A

Competence refers to judges having the knowledge and ability to perform their duties effectively.

65
Q

What oaths do judges take when they are appointed?

A

Judges take two oaths: the oath of allegiance and the judicial oath, emphasizing loyalty, impartiality, and adherence to the law.

66
Q

What is the role of the Senior Salaries Review Body in determining judges’ salaries?

A

The Senior Salaries Review Body makes salary recommendations for judges, MPs, and senior civil servants.

67
Q

How much did the Lord Chief Justice earn in 2018?

A

In 2018, the Lord Chief Justice earned £257,000, while district judges earned £110,000.

68
Q

How does the potential earning of senior lawyers compare to judges?

A

Senior lawyers may earn more than judges, especially in commercial law where some barristers can earn over £1 million.

69
Q

What factors may discourage people from becoming judges?

A

Income disparity and potentially lower earnings in criminal courts may discourage individuals from becoming judges.

70
Q

What is the impact of income disparity between barristers in different areas of law?

A

Income disparities between barristers in different areas of law can be significant.

71
Q

How does the income of lawyers in criminal courts compare to other legal professionals?

A

Lawyers in criminal courts may earn considerably less compared to other legal professionals.

72
Q

What is the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in terms of working practices?

A

The Supreme Court has nationwide jurisdiction and settles points of law of national importance.

73
Q

Which courts handle local cases in the judiciary’s working practices?

A

Lower courts, such as Crown Court venues, handle local cases.

74
Q

What types of criminality and offenders do judges deal with?

A

Judges deal with all types of criminal offenses and offenders.

75
Q

What principles of independence do the duties of a judge uphold?

A

The duties of a judge uphold principles such as independence, scrutiny of tenure, and guaranteed salary.

76
Q

What are the working practices of the CPS and the Judiciary?

A

The CPS and the Judiciary have different working practices in the context of social control.

77
Q

How are less serious cases typically handled in the judicial system?

A

Less serious cases are often handled by magistrates or through cautions and fixed penalty notices.

78
Q

What safeguards protect the independence of judges?

A

The independence of judges is safeguarded through tenure and protection from government interference.

79
Q

What is the hierarchical structure of the judiciary?

A

The judiciary is organized hierarchically, with superior and inferior judges in different court levels.

80
Q

How does the Supreme Court contribute to social control?

A

The Supreme Court contributes to social control by interpreting and applying the law in significant cases.

81
Q

What role do magistrates play in handling certain cases?

A

Magistrates handle certain cases and make decisions on guilt or innocence.

82
Q

Do judges handle all types of offenses and offenders?

A

Yes, judges handle all types of offenses and offenders across the criminal justice system.

83
Q

How is the tenure of judges protected in terms of removal from office?

A

The tenure of judges is protected, and removal from office requires a petition to the Queen and approval by both Houses of Parliament.

84
Q

What are the different levels of courts within the judiciary?

A

There are different levels of courts within the judiciary, including the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, and lower courts.

85
Q

What alternatives to court proceedings exist for less serious offenses?

A

Alternatives include cautions and fixed penalty notices issued by the police.

86
Q

What is the significance of salary guarantees in the judiciary?

A

Salary guarantees help ensure the independence and impartiality of judges.

87
Q

How are superior and inferior judges categorized within the judiciary?

A

Superior judges sit in higher courts like the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal, while inferior judges preside over Crown Courts and magistrates’ courts.

88
Q

What are the three main aims of prisons?

A

To protect the public, rehabilitate offenders for positive societal contribution, and implement court sentences and orders.

89
Q

Who is responsible for UK prisons?

A

HM Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS), a government agency.

90
Q

How are prisons funded in the UK?

A

Through general taxation, with a total budget of approximately £3 billion in 2018, 16% lower than in 2010.

91
Q

What has been the impact of funding cuts on staffing levels in prisons?

A

A 15% reduction in the number of prison officers between 2010 and 2018, resulting in experienced officers leaving and a third of officers having less than 2 years’ experience.

92
Q

How is the prison service organized in terms of national and local reach?

A

It is organized nationally, and offenders are initially placed in local prisons before being potentially moved elsewhere based on a risk assessment.

93
Q

What are the categories of closed prisons?

A

Category A for highly dangerous individuals, Category B for those who require max security, and Category C for offenders unlikely to try and escape.

94
Q

What category of prison houses reasonably trusted offenders?

A

Category D - open prison.

95
Q

How do prisons contribute to social control?

A

By removing offenders from society, aiming to rehabilitate them, and reducing reoffending rates.

96
Q

What is the role of prison officers in working practices?

A

They ensure security, supervise activities, and implement court sentences and orders.

97
Q

How do prisons help in the rehabilitation of offenders?

A

By offering education, vocational training, therapy, and counseling programs.

98
Q

What has been the impact of funding cuts on prison facilities and resources?

A

Reduced facilities, limited program access, and inadequate infrastructure.

99
Q

What measures are taken to protect the public from harm in prisons?

A

Strict security measures, surveillance systems, physical barriers, and controlled access.

100
Q

How does the classification of offenders contribute to the prison system?

A

It enables appropriate placement, management for safety, and targeted rehabilitation efforts.

101
Q

What alternatives exist to prison for certain offenders?

A

Community-based sentences, probation, community service, and electronic monitoring.

102
Q

What is the philosophy of the HMPPS regarding social control?

A

Preventing future victims by changing offenders’ lives and reducing reoffending rates.

103
Q

How have staffing levels in prisons changed between 2010 and 2018?

A

Decreased by 15%, resulting in a shortage of experienced officers and increased proportion of less-experienced staff.

104
Q

What impact do staffing cuts have on the overall functioning of prisons?

A

Reduced supervision, limited program access, increased risks, and decreased effectiveness in rehabilitation and public protection.

105
Q

How are offenders treated if they attempt to escape?

A

They are put on an escape list, made to wear yellow clothing (nicknamed “banana suits”), and experience frequent cell changes with belongings removed at night.

106
Q

What has been the criticism regarding rehabilitation and activities in prisons?

A

The Chief Inspector of Prisons in 2018 criticized the lack of useful activity programs in half of the inspected prisons.

107
Q

What are incentives and earned privileges (IEPs)?

A

They are rewards given to prisoners who follow the rules, with three levels: Basic, Standard, and Enhanced.

108
Q

What determines the level of incentives and earned privileges a prisoner receives?

A

Behavior: Poor behavior moves prisoners

109
Q

What are the aims and objectives of the NPS?

A

The NPS aims to protect the public by rehabilitating offenders and enabling them to turn their lives around.

110
Q

How is the probation service funded in the UK?

A

HMPPS is funded through general taxation, while CRCs have contracts with the MOJ and face performance targets.

111
Q

What types of criminality and offenders does the probation service deal with?

A

The probation service deals with a variety of criminal offenses and supervises both NPS and CRC clients.

112
Q

How many offenders are under probation supervision, and what is the division between NPS and CRCs in terms of supervision?

A

Approximately 250,000 offenders are on probation, with 40% supervised by the NPS and 60% by CRCs.

113
Q

Who are the partners of the NPS in managing offenders?

A

The NPS builds partnerships with the courts, police, and partners in the private and voluntary sectors to manage offenders.

114
Q

What is the plan for the renationalization of the probation service in England and Wales?

A

The government plans to renationalize the probation service into 10 English regions with an NPS division and one CRC. In Wales, NPS will manage all offenders.

115
Q

What are CRCs and their role in probation services?

A

CRCs are community rehabilitation companies that provide probation services for low to medium risk offenders. They are partners in managing offenders.

116
Q

What are the working practices and responsibilities of the probation service?

A

The probation service has various responsibilities, such as preparing pre-sentence reports, managing approved premises, and assessing prisoners for release on license.

117
Q

How does the probation service contribute to social justice, inclusion, equality, and diversity?

A

The probation service is committed to social justice, social inclusion, equality, and diversity, and believes in the worth and dignity of the individual.

118
Q

What is the role of the probation service in social control?

A

The probation service plays a significant role in social control by supervising high-risk offenders released into the community and providing support to victims of serious crimes.

119
Q

How does the NPS operate on a national and local level?

A

The NPS is a national service that delivers consistent standards across the country while providing services on a local level.

120
Q

What is the role of the probation service in rehabilitating offenders?

A

The probation service aims to rehabilitate offenders, tackle the causes of their offending, and enable them to become responsible citizens.

121
Q

What are the core values and ethical principles of the NPS?

A

The NPS has core values that include the belief in offenders’ capacity for positive change, the worth and dignity of individuals, and commitment to social justice and inclusion.

122
Q

What is the financial performance and monitoring record of CRCs?

A

CRCs have faced challenges in meeting their targets and have been criticized for their monitoring of offenders.

123
Q

How is the probation service divided in terms of areas and regions in England and Wales?

A

The probation service for England and Wales is divided into seven areas, and the government plans to introduce regional divisions for better management.

124
Q

What are the responsibilities of the probation service in preparing reports and managing premises?

A

The probation service prepares pre-sentence reports for courts, manages approved premises, and assesses prisoners for release on license.

125
Q

What are charities and pressure groups?

A

Charities and pressure groups are voluntary, non-profit organizations that aim to promote the interests and welfare of specific groups and campaign for change, respectively.

126
Q

Are charities and pressure groups independent of government control?

A

Yes, charities and pressure groups operate independently of government control.

127
Q

What is the aim of charities?

A

Charities aim to help those in need and promote the interests and welfare of the groups they are concerned with, such as victims and ex-offenders.

128
Q

What is the aim of pressure groups?

A

Pressure groups aim to campaign for change on various social issues.

129
Q

Can a charity also be a pressure group?

A

Yes, some organizations, like NACRO (National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders), can function as both a charity and a pressure group.

130
Q

When was NACRO founded?

A

NACRO was founded in 1966.

131
Q

What type of organization is NACRO?

A

NACRO is both a charity and a social justice organization.

132
Q

What are the services provided by NACRO?

A

NACRO provides services such as housing, education, resettlement advice, and outreach projects to support ex-offenders and prevent crime.

133
Q

How many tenants does NACRO have in its own properties?

A

NACRO has over 3,000 tenants in its own properties.

134
Q

What does NACRO do in terms of education?

A

In 2018, approximately 4,900 people studied through NACRO’s educational services.

135
Q

What does NACRO do regarding resettlement advice?

A

NACRO provides information and advice on housing and jobs to offenders and those working with them.

136
Q

How does NACRO contribute to preventing youth offending?

A

NACRO implements outreach projects aimed at stopping young people from offending.

137
Q

What is Ban the Box, and how does NACRO support it?

A

Ban the Box is an initiative that aims to remove the tick box on job application forms that asks about criminal convictions. NACRO supports this initiative.

138
Q

How does NACRO campaign for change?

A

NACRO campaigns to change laws and policies affecting ex-offenders, such as the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974.

139
Q

What is the annual income of NACRO?

A

NACRO has an annual income of £50 million.

140
Q

What are the sources of funding for NACRO?

A

NACRO receives funding from public donations, government grants, and contracts for providing services to ex-offenders and others.

141
Q

Does NACRO operate nationally or locally?

A

NACRO is a national organization with local activities and projects in approximately 50 different parts of England and Wales.

142
Q

Does NACRO work with a specific group of offenders?

A

NACRO works with a range of ex-offenders, including young people at risk of offending and excluded pupils.

143
Q

What are the concerns of NACRO regarding disadvantaged individuals?

A

NACRO is concerned with addressing the needs of disadvantaged young people and adults.

144
Q

How many full-time staff members and volunteers does NACRO have?

A

NACRO has a large full-time staff and relies on the support of many unpaid volunteers.

New Criminology Flashcards (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions