Unit 3 topic 2- psychological influences on visual perception- constancies and studies

Question 1

Visual constancies

Answer 1

principles that help maintain the perception of the world as stable, despite changes in retinal image

Question 2

size constancy

Answer 2

tendency to perceive size of object as being stable, despite changes to size object cast on retinal image

Question 3

shape constancy

Answer 3

tendency to perceive shape of object as stable, despite changes to shape of object as cast on retina

Question 4

brightness constancy

Answer 4

tendency to perceive object lightness as stable, despite amount of light being reflected

Question 5

perceptual set

Answer 5

predisposition to perceive object in a way consistent to expectations - (past experience)

Question 6

context

Answer 6

readiness to perceive stimuli in a way that is consistent with environment in which it appears

Question 7

motivation

Answer 7

readiness to perceive stimuli consistent with desires

Question 8

emotional state

Answer 8

perceive stimuli consistent with current emotional experience

Question 9

Hudson W. (1960)
pictorial depth cues in sub-saharan groups in africa (school vs no school) (Caucasian vs black)

Answer 9

samples from both cultures without schooling could perceive 2D image, but not use visual cues to interpret 3D images. sample with schooling showed cultural differences. Caucasian group much higher rate of 3D perception

Question 10

Deregowski (1972)- study 1
compared various african cultures to western culture

Answer 10

African cultures struggled to perceive depth, they were classified as 2D, 3D perceivers.

Question 11

Deregowski (1972)- study 2
shown drawing of two squares, given sticks to model in 3D

Answer 11

3D perceivers built 3D object
2D perceivers built flat object

Question 12

Deregowski (1972)- study 3
copy a two pronged trident

Answer 12

3D perceivers spent more time trying to draw impossible ambiguous trident
2D perceivers did not differ significantly

Question 13

Deregowski (1972)- study 4
used apparatus to study perceived depth
- adjust spot of light to appear in same depth as image

Answer 13

2D perceivers set light at some depth, regardless of picture
3D perceivers used depth cues to determine spot

Question 14

Deregowski- study 5
used split type drawings

Answer 14

2D perceivers preferred drawings from singular perspective- depth perception is learnt with experience

Question 15

Deregowski, Muldrow & Muldrow- pictorial representation in remote ethiopian population
33 lowland, 8 highland
used depth cues pictures to tell ‘what do you see’

Answer 15

all participants could correctly recognize images with certain degree of difficulty
lowland had greater experience with animals depicted
perception is based on past experience but skills can be learnt.