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Medical Terminology > Unit 3 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

-lept/o

A

thin, slender

leptomeningitis - inflammation of thin meninges (pia & arachnoid)

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2
Q

-esthesia

A

nervous sensation

anesthesia - without nervous sensation

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3
Q

-sthenia

A

strength

myasthenia - muscle strength

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4
Q

-kines/o and -kinesia

A

movement

kinesiology - study of (human) movement

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5
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

epilepsy

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6
Q

-comat/o

A

deep sleep

comatose

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7
Q

-paresis

A

weakness; slight paralysis

hemiparesis - slight paralysis on 1/2 the body

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8
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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9
Q

-phasia

A

speech

aphasia - w/o speech

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10
Q

-syncop/o

A

to cut off; faint; cut short
syncopal - brief loss of consciousness caused by a sudden fall of blood pressure or failure of the cardiac systole, resulting in cerebral anemia.

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11
Q

-tax/o

A

order; coordination

ataxia - loss of coordination of the muscles, especially of the extremities.

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12
Q

afferent (sensory) nerves

A

carry messages toward spinal cord & brain

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13
Q

efferent (motor) nerves

A

carry messages away from the spinal cord & brain to muscles

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14
Q

how many cranial nerves

A

12 pair

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15
Q

how many spinal nerves

A

31 pair

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16
Q

how is the autonomic nervous system set up?

A

Two subdivisions of ANS

  1. parasympathetic - rest & digest
  2. sympathetic - fight or flight
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17
Q

neurilemma

A

outermost membrane of myelin sheath in myelinated nerve cell

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18
Q

examples of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine (ACH)
epinephrine (EPI)
dopamine (DA, DM, DOP)
serotonin

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19
Q

glial

A

glue

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20
Q

neuroglial cell

A
  • functions to hold the nervous system together
  • help ward off infection
  • do not transmit impulses
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21
Q

astrocytes

A

transport water & salts between nerve cells & capillaries

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22
Q

microglial cells

A

the phagocytes (protect neurons in response to inflammation

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23
Q

oligodendroglia

A

make the myelin sheath that protects axons in CNS

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24
Q

3 main parts of the brain

A

cerebrum - thinking part of brain
brain stem - controls body function
cerebellum - coordinates voluntary movement

25
Q

gyrus

A

sheets of nerve cells arranged in folds

26
Q

sulcus

A

grooves that separate the gyrus

27
Q

cerebrum’s function

A

higher learning, personality, smell, movement and thought

28
Q

brain stem

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pons
medulla oblongata

29
Q

thalamus

A

not under conscious control

30
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls body temperature
sexual desire
appetite
emotions - fear and pleasure

31
Q

pons

A

bridge - connection of nerves to eyes and face

32
Q

medulla oblongata

A

nerve fiber tracts to connect:

  • connects spinal cord w/rest of body
  • nerve fibers cross over in this area from L to R and from R to L
  • vital centers: respiratory, cardiac, vasomotor (blood pressure)
33
Q

grey matter

A

nerve fiber tracts w/o myelin sheath (cell body, dendrites)

34
Q

meninges - from outer to inner

A
  1. dura mater
    2 arachnoid membrane
  2. pia mater
35
Q

hydrocephalus

A

condition of water in brain

- use a shunt to drain

36
Q

spina bifida - 2 types

A

meningocele - external protrusion of meninges

meningomyelocele - external protrusion of meninges & spinal column

37
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defects in lumbar spinal column, caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts

38
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

brain disease marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration

39
Q

Epilepsy

A

chronic, recurrent seizure activity
excessive electrical discharge in the brain
2 types - tonic clonic, absence

40
Q

tonic clonic seizure

A 
sudden loss of consciousness
falling down
contractions
tonic - stiff
clonic - jerky
41
Q

absence seizure

A

momentary clouding of consciousness

  • blank stare
  • appear to not be listening
42
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A
  • hereditary - occurs between 35-44 years
  • involves “dance-like” choreic, involuntary abrupt movements of arms and legs
  • personality changes; no cure
  • management is to treat symptoms
43
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

chronic condition

  • destruction of myelin sheath by virus
  • muscle weakness/fatigue between ages of 20-40
  • unsteady gait due to loss of nervous myelin
44
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A
  • autoimmune neuromuscular disease
  • can recover
  • weakness of voluntary muscles
  • antibodies block neurotransmitters from transmitting impulse from nerve to muscle cell
45
Q

Palsy

A

loss of ability to move (paralysis is partial or complete

  1. Cerebral Palsy - partial paralysis caused by lack of O2 or blood flow during pregnancy or delivery
  2. Bell’s Palsy - paralysis on one side of face, likely caused by a virus; can recover
46
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

loss of brain NT, dopamine

  • occurs later in life
  • tremors; weakness of muscles
  • slowness of movement
  • mask-like facial expression
47
Q

Tourette Syndrome

A
  • neurological disease w/uncontrollable vocal sounds

- involuntary twitching and spasms, especially eyelids and facial tics

48
Q

cerebral concussion

A
  • brief loss of consciousness

- no permanent structural damage

49
Q

cerebral contusion

A
  • much more serious than concussion
  • neurological deficits persisting greater than 24 hours
  • associated w/fracture of skull or trauma to head
  • bruising of brain tissue
50
Q

stroke (CVA)

A

CerebroVascular Accident

- disruption in normal blood supply to brain

51
Q

3 ways to develop a stroke

A
  1. thrombic - clots of plaque occlude cerebral arteries
  2. embolic - clots become dislodged and then stick
  3. hemorrhagic - cerebral artery wall ruptures
52
Q

aneurysm

A
  • enlarged, weakened are in arterial wall that may rupture
53
Q

myel/o/graphy

A

process of looking at the spinal cord by injecting dye

54
Q

electr/o/encephal/o/graphy

A

recording the electricity of the brain

looking for seizures

55
Q

cerebral angiography

A

looking at brain vessels

56
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

- diagnosed w/lumbar puncture - w/drawal of CSF

57
Q

encephal/itis

A

inflammation of the brain

58
Q

neur/o/pathy

A

disease of the nerves (usually peripheral)

Medical Terminology (21 decks)

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