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NEURO 0010 > unit 2 review - motor > Flashcards

unit 2 review - motor Flashcards

1
Q

agonists/synergists are?

A

muscles that contract together

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2
Q

axial muscles vs. proximal vs. distal

A

axial= center: trunk and posture

proximal=shoulder, pelvis, elbow, knee; locomotion

distal=digits, fine motor skills, specialized in humans

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3
Q

how to motor neuron axons get to the brain?

A

by going through the ventral horn

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4
Q

what areas of the spinal cord are enlarged and why?

A

cervical and lumbar
- fine motor control, enlarged because of more motor neurons

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5
Q

what is contained in the lateral ventral horn?

A

lateral muscles
- like hands

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6
Q

what is contained in the medial ventral horn?

A

medial muscles
- like torso

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7
Q

where are flexors vs. extensors on the ventral horn spectrum?

A

flexors are more dorsal to neurons innervating extensors

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8
Q

what is a muscle fiber innervated by?
how many, what is the NT?

A

innervated by 1 alpha motor neuron
- NT=ACh

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9
Q

where does the muscle fiber synapse?

A

motor end plate

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10
Q

what is a motor unit?

A
  • 1 alpha motor neuron
  • all the muscle fibers it innervates
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11
Q

how many muscle fibers can an alpha motor unit innervate?

A

a muscle fiber can only be innervated by 1 alpha motor unit, but
- 1 alpha motor unit can innervate many muscle fibers

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12
Q

what is a motor pool?

A

all the alpha motor units that innervate 1 muscle

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13
Q

what determines slow vs. fast twitch?
can a motor unit have more than 1 type?

A

alpha motor unit determined fast/slow twitch type

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14
Q

what are the two ways that more muscle force can be generated?

A

1) increasing the firing rate of active motor neurons
- fasciculation=twitches
- temoral summation of twitches
2) increase number of active motor neurons
- size princliple

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15
Q

where are alpha motor neurons located?
where do they send their axons?

A

spinal cord
- send axons down to muscles to cause contraction

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16
Q

what are the 3 components that modulate alpha motor neurons?

A

1) sensory input
2) input from same and nearby spinal segments
3) brain
- upper motor neurons

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17
Q

where do muscles get sensory input from?

A

Aa and Ab
- fastest conduction

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18
Q

what two organs give muscles proprioceptive input?

A
  • golgi tendon organs
  • muscle spindles
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19
Q

what are golgi tendon organs?
where are they located in comparison to the muscle?

A

force/tension receptors
- located in series, at the junction between the muscle and tendon

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20
Q

what are golgi tendon organs innervated by?

A

Ab/1b axons

21
Q

what is the purpose of golgi tendon organs?

A

allow us to regulate how much force is needed for different tasks

22
Q

describe the 4 steps of the GTO pathway?
whats the recap?

A

1) alpha motor neuron -> muscle contracts which pulls GTO
2) GTO squeezes collegen fibrils
3) 1b axons interwoven with collagen deform
4) mechanosensitive ion channels on Ab/1b open, and 1b depolarizes -> fire AP

more force more depolarization

23
Q

what is the negative feedback present in the GTO?

A

GTO innervates inhibitory interneurons which reduces alpha motor neuron activity
- thus reducing muscle tension if its overloaded

24
Q

what are muscle spindles?

A

stretch receptors

25
Q

where are muscle spindles located in comparison to muscle?

A

in parralell witch muscle fibers
- within the muscle

26
Q

what are muscle spindles innervated by?

A

Aa/1a axons

27
Q

what is the purpose of muscle spindles?

A

sense changes in the length of the muscle

28
Q

what are the muscle fibers that are within the muscle spindle called?

A

intrafusal muscle fibers
- extra fusal=outside

29
Q

what is the muscle spindles mechanism?

A

1) when muscle stretches, they also pull the spindles and intrafusal fibers
2) this stretch opens mechanoreceptive ion channels in Aa/1a fibers
3) Aa/1a fibers depolarize and fire more

30
Q

what do gamma motor neurons do?

A

innercate intrafusal fibers and make them contract/re-adjust until Aa/1a fibers come online again
- they respond to chnages in length

31
Q

recap
intra vs. extra fusal fibers?

A

intra
- innervated by gamma motor neurons
- located within muscle spindles
- sense changes in length

extra
- innervated by alpha motor neurons
- generate force

32
Q

what does the stretch reflex involve?
what is its goal?

A

1 synapse
- no interneurons or brain

goal
- to maintain neurons at a constant length

33
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition?

A

when agonists contract antagonists relax

34
Q

flex-crossed extensor reflex pathway?
right foot

A

excited
- r leg flexors, l leg extensors

inhibited
- r leg extensors, l leg flexors

35
Q

what motor cortex area is involved in strategy?

A

area 6, basal ganglia, higher order association orders

36
Q

what motor cortex area is involved in tactics? (how to execute movement smoothly) movement and movement control

A

area 4

37
Q

what area of the brain is involved with execution?

A

brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord

38
Q

what are the 2 descending pathways?

A

lateral pathway
ventromedial pathway

39
Q

what do the 2 descending pathways control?

A

lateral
- voluntary movement
- distal muscles

ventromedial
- posture, gait, balance, head position
- axial muscles

40
Q

what are 5 signs of motor tract damage?
PPSS = peepees lol

A
  • paresis
  • plegia/hemiplegic gait
  • spasticity
  • sign of babinsky
41
Q

what are the 5 signs of cerebellar damage?
AIDMH?!

A
  • ataxia
  • intention tremor
  • drunken gait
  • melagraphia
  • hypotonia
42
Q

what are basil ganglia diseases?

A
  • parkingsons=hypokenesia, not enough movement
  • hungtingtons=hyperkinesia, excess movement
43
Q

what are treatments for parkinsons?

A
  • ldopa
  • pallidotomy/lesion of global pallidus
  • deep brain stimulation
44
Q

where do the ventro medial pathways originate?

A

brainstem

45
Q

what does the corticospinal tract control? where does it decussate?

A

controls
- voluntary movements

decussates
- caudal medulla

46
Q

what does the cerebellum control?

A

the ipsilateral side of your body

47
Q

what is area 6 involved with?
what is it named?

A

motor planning, intent to move, strategy
- SMA, PMA

48
Q

what is area 4 involved with?
what is it named?

A

execution
- primary motor cortex

NEURO 0010 (22 decks)

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