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NEURO 0010 > chemical control of brain & behaviour > Flashcards

chemical control of brain & behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

what are the forms of communication?

A

1) direct synaptic transmission
2) diffuse modulatory systems
3) neuroendocrine signaling
4) autonomic nervous system networks

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2
Q

what do the diffuse modulatory systems do?

A

coordinate activation of groups of neurons in broad brain regions

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3
Q

where does DMS originate from?
what does DMS activate?

A
  • core neurons (small set, only several thousand)
  • originate from brainstem nuclei
  • activate CNS metabrotropic receptors
  • synapse NT release, but also NT release into extracellular fluid
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4
Q

what does the noradrenergic system origin?

A

locus coeruleus

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5
Q

noradrenergic system projections?

A

cortex, thalamus, cerebellum

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6
Q

noradrenergic system purpose? 6

A
  • attention
  • arousal
  • sleep wake cylce
  • attentive tasks

responds to most new, unexpected stimuli
increases neuron responsiveness

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7
Q

serotonergic system origin?

A

raphe nuclei

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8
Q

serotonergic system projections?

A

forebrain

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9
Q

serotonergic system purpose? 3

A

acts as locus with NE system
- modulates sleep/wake cycle
- fires more during wakefulness
- fires least during sleep

mood control
- selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors combat depression

activates and deactivates forebrain

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10
Q

dopaminergic (substantia nigra) system origin?

A

substantia nigra

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11
Q

dopaminergic (substantia nigra) projections?

A

projects to the striatum (caudate and putamen)

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11
Q

dopaminergic (substantia nigra) purpose?

A

voluntary movement initiation

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12
Q

dopaminergic (mesocorticolimbic) origin?

A

ventral tegmental area

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13
Q

dopaminergic (mesocorticolimbic) projections?

A
  • frontal cortex
  • limbic system
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14
Q

dopaminergic (mesocorticolimbic) purpose?

A

reward system that reinforces behaviours

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15
Q

basal cholinergic system origin?

A

telencephalon

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16
Q

basal cholinergic system projections?

A
  • basal nucleus of mynert -> neocortex
  • medial septal nuclei -> hippocampus
17
Q

basal cholinergic system function?

A
  • learning and memory
  • coordinate activity in large brain areas
  • first area that degenerates with alzeheimers
18
Q

ponto cholinergic system origin?

A
  • pons
  • tegmentum
19
Q

ponto cholinergic system projections?

A
  • thalamus
  • telencephalon
20
Q

ponto cholinergic system purpose?

A
  • dorsal thalamus: regulate excitability of sensory relay nuclei
  • telencephalon: ACh link between brainstem and basal forebrain complex
  • ANS: neuromuscular junction
21
Q

what are stimulants that effect the diffuse modulatory system?

A

cocaine and meth

22
Q

what do cocaine and meth do?

A

cocaine
- blocks DA reuptake

meth
- blocks catecholamine reuptake, stimulates DA release

23
Q

what is the effect of NE/DA reuptake being blocked?

A

emotional
- increases alertness and self-confidence, euphoria, decreased appetite, exhilaration

physical
- mimic sympathetic activation: increase heart rate and blood pressure, pupil dilation

24
Q

what does the neuroendocrine system do?

A

cells in the periventricular hypothalamus coordinate neuroendocrine signaling
- communicates w/ body
- helps regulate ANS outflow and circadian rythyms
- contains neurosecretory neurons that send axons to the pitutary for hormone signaling

helos maintain homeostasis
- integrates different signals to drive behaviour
- signals (hormones, somatic, etc)

25
Q

what does the neuroendocrine system connect to?

A

pituitary gland

26
Q

what does the neuroendocrine contain?

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • anterior pituitary
  • hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis/HPA axis
  • HPA axis and the Hippocampus
27
Q

what differentiates prairie voles from montane voles?

A

prairie voles - monogamus
- have oxytocin and vasopressin receptors, in the brains reward areas

montane voles - polygamous
- become monagomus when injected with oxytocin and vasopressin

28
Q

how is the anterior pituitary different from the posterior pituitary?

A

posterior does not release hormones directly in the blood stream, amplifies signal for other cells to do that

29
Q

what does the anterior pituitary do?

A

involved with the release of other hormones

30
Q

what does the HPA axis do?

A

mediator of stress response, involves the anterior pituitary hormone cortisol

31
Q

what does the feedback loop in the HPA axis do?

A

negative feedback loop
- inhibits CRH and ACTH release

32
Q

what are the negative effects of chronic stress?

A

baboons low in the social heirarchy have higher stress which leads to higher cortisol without regulation

higher cortisol can lead to
- hypertension, ulcers, depression

33
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

commands every non-skeletal muscle
- smooth muscle
- cardiac
- gland

34
Q

how does the ANS differ from somatic motor control?

A

somatic motor control is monosynaptic

ans is disynaptic

35
Q

describe sANS
- where are its pre-synaptic fiber located?
- where do the fibers originate?

A

sympathetic : fight or flight
- presynaptic fibers synapse in ganglia close to spinal cord
- originate in thoracic and lumbar segments

36
Q

describe pANS
- where are the presynaptic fibers located?
- where do they originate?

A

parasympathetic: rest and digest
- presynaptic fibers synapse in ganglia closer to target tissue
- originate in brainstem and sacral segment

37
Q

what does the enteric division do?

A

functions relatively independently in the gastrointestinal system, works w/ viscera

38
Q

where does the enteric division get its input?
what is it made up of?

A
  • gets some input from ANS
  • made up of neurons that line the gut
39
Q

at do enterochromaffin cells do?

A

communicate gut info to the brain
- the gut has taste receptors similar to the toungt

NEURO 0010 (22 decks)

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