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NEURO 0010 > Lectures 1-2 : Basics > Flashcards

Lectures 1-2 : Basics Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of behavior?

A

1) Sensory input
2) intergration
3)Motor output

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2
Q

Types of Nuerons

A

uni - multi - bi polar

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3
Q

axon types

A

golgi 1 - long
golgi 2 - short

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4
Q

connections with periphery

A

primary sensory - first neurons to receive information from sensory pathways

primary motor - neurons that have axons that synapse with motor cells

interneurons - neurons that synapse with other neurons

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5
Q

dendrite types

A

spiny - aspinous

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6
Q

how many neurons in the brain

A

100 bil

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7
Q

sulci

A

grooves

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8
Q

gyri

A

bumps

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9
Q

dorsal

A

back of spine

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10
Q

ventral

A

front of spine

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11
Q

cerebrum

A

soft - perception, memory, sensory fibers

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

hard - motor fibers, movement control

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13
Q

what do glia do?

A
  • the glue - insulate, support, nourish neurons
  • make up 50% of brain
  • 85 billion
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14
Q

what are the types of glia

A

astrocytes, oliodengrolia & shwan cells, microglia

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15
Q

what do astrocytes do? (6)

A
  • regulate the content of extracellular space
  • regulate ion concentrations around neurons
  • protect neurons by taking up toxins
  • mechanisms that take up K
  • guide neurons in development
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16
Q

what does microglia do?

A

remove debris from dead cells

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17
Q

what do olio and schwan cells do?

A

involved in mylenation

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18
Q

what is the purpose of mylintating the axon?

A
  • speed electrical conduction down axons
  • electrically insulate axons with myelin (fat)
  • nodes of raniver
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19
Q

what disease is associated with loss of myelination?

A

MS - Multiple sclerosis

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20
Q

shwan cells

A
  • PNS
  • insulates a single axon
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21
Q

oliodengrolia

A
  • CNS
  • insulates many axons
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22
Q

what are the most common type of CNS cancer?

A

Glial cancers
- gioblastoma
- oliodendroglioma

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23
Q

nissl stain

A
  • see cell bodies, neurons vs. glia
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24
Q

golgi stain

A
  • see specific parts of the neurons
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25
Q

what are the of neurites

A

axon - dendrites

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26
Q

dendrite facts? (4)

A

1) receive input from thousands of synapses
2) one neuron can have multiple dendrites
3) dendrites have special receptor proteins that bind neurotransmitters
4) taper in diameter

27
Q

where does synapse on the dendrite occur? (4)

A

1) 1 dendritic spine receives a single synapse
2) sites for transmission and input of information
3) shape and density can shape strength of interactions between neurons
4) have been shown to change during learning

28
Q

dendritic spine abnormalities + info?

A

General Intellectual impairment
- long, spindly, sparse density

Fragile X
- long, spindly, high density (hereditary autism)
- Hyper anxiety, hyper arousal - due to over excitation

29
Q

what does the soma contain?

A
  • cytosol, organelles, nucleus
30
Q

cytoplasm

A

all organelles except nucleus

31
Q

where does protein synthesis occur?

A

rough er

32
Q

dna - protein pathway

A
33
Q

what is important about gene expression?

A
  • every cell in the human body has the same DNA
  • cell specialization is determined by what genes of a cells DNA are translated and transcribed
34
Q

how do ribosomes synthesize proteins?

A

they use mRNA as a blueprint to make proteins from raw material

35
Q

ribosomes attached to rough er make …

A

proteins that are inserted to the cell membrane

36
Q

free ribosomes make …

A

proteins that reside within cytosol

37
Q

what are polyribosomes

A
  • appear to be attached to a thread of mRNA
  • make multiple copies of the same protein
38
Q

what does smooth er do? (3)

A

1 - packages proteins and give them their 3 dimensional figure
2 - regulate internal concentrations of substances
3 - prominent in muscles - sarcoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

functions of golgi apparatus? (2)

A

1 - site of post translational chemical processing of proteins
2 - sorts proteins according to the area they are supposed to be located in

40
Q

function of mitochondria (2)

A
  • cellular respiration
  • generates ATP
41
Q

what is the neuronal membrane?

A
  • it separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid
  • studded with ribosomes
42
Q

what does protein composition depend on?

A

location of the protein

43
Q

cytoskeleton function

A
  • skeleton of cell
  • scaffold proteins affect neuron shape and function
44
Q

what are the internal scaffolding of the cytoskeleton? (3)

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • neuro fillaments
45
Q

microtubules analogy

A

thick walled - hollow pipe

46
Q

what are micro tubules made of?

A

smaller strands of tubulin proetin - small and globular

47
Q

how is tubulin joined to form a polymer?

A

via polymerization

48
Q

what is the function of MAPS

A

microtubule associated proteins - anchor microtubules to one another and other parts of the neuron

49
Q

what is a disease associated with MAPS?

A

Alzheimers

50
Q

Alzheimers indicators (6)

A
  • memory loss
  • confusion
  • difficulty with speech and navigation
  • cell death
  • gryi shrink
  • sulci expand
51
Q

What is a MAP associated with Alzheimers

A

Tau

52
Q

what are microfilaments made of?

A

braids of two thin strands that are polymers of the protein actin

53
Q

facts about microfilament structure?

A
  • anchor to the membrane via a meshwork of fibrous proteins
  • same thickness of cell membrane
54
Q

what are neurofilaments? (3)

A

1 - intermediate filament specific neurons
2 - resemble the bones and ligaments of the skeleton
3 - consist of multiple subunits

55
Q

axon facts

A

1) constant diameter
2) contain axon terminal / terminal button

56
Q

what occurs on the axon terminal?

A
  • end of the axon
  • terminates at the synapse
57
Q

recurrent collaterals?

A

axon branches that communicate with the same cell that give rise to axon or neighboring dendrites

58
Q

proteins and axons

A

there is no rough er = no-few ribosomes

59
Q

axon terminal vs. axon (4)

A

1 - microtubules don’t extend to the terminal
2 - terminal contins synaptic vesicles
3 - inside surface of the axon terminal membrane that faces the synapse contains many proteins
4 - there are alot of mitochondria in the axon terminal

60
Q

how do proteins reach the axon?

A

synthesized in soma - then reach axon via axoplasmic transport

61
Q

analogy for axoplasmic transport?

A

microtubules = train track
dynein and kynesin = legs of the train
vesicle = cargo

62
Q

anterograde transport?

A
  • to axon terminal: uses kynesin
63
Q

retrograde transport

A
  • to soma: uses dynein
64
Q

what diseases use anterograde and retrograde

A

rabies, coldsores

NEURO 0010 (22 decks)

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