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NEURO 0010 > memory 1 > Flashcards

memory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

describe declarative/explicit memory
- contents
- mechanism

A

“easy come, easy go”
- facts and events
- conscious recollection

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2
Q

location of declarative/explicit memory

A
  • medial temporal lobe
  • especially hippocampus
  • diencephalon
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3
Q

non-declarative/implicit memory
- contents
- mechanism

A

“hard to learn hard to forget”
- procedural & classical conditioning
- without conscious recollection

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4
Q

what two factors make up non-declarative memory?

A
  • procedural
  • classical conditioning
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5
Q

what info and brain areas are involved with procedural and classical conditioning?

A

procedural
- skills and habits = striatum

classical conditioning
- skeletal musculature = cerebellum
- emotional responses = amygdala

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6
Q

what are the two ways that non-declarative conditioning is formed? define them?

A

non-associative
- change in behavioral response that occurs over time to a single stimuli

associative
- change in behavioral response that occurs due to formation of association between to events

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of non-associative learning?

A

habituation
- decrease response to meaningless stimulus

sensitization
- increase response to sensory stimulus

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of associative learning?
describe them?

A

classical conditioning
- stimulus evokes a response

instrumental/operant conditioning
- association of a response with a stimuli

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9
Q

describe working memory

A
  • only last for seconds
  • limited capacity
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10
Q

describe short-term memory
what is it like physically?

A
  • last for hours to days
  • large capacity
  • physical change that fades with time
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11
Q

what can disrupt short term memory?

A
  • ECT
  • head trauma
  • does not disrupt long term
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12
Q

describe long term memory

A
  • unlimited capacity
  • weeks to years
  • stable despite head trauma
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13
Q

brain area for working memory?

A
  • frontal lobe/pre-frontal cortex
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14
Q

what happens when frontal lobe is leisoned?

A
  • issues with problem solving
  • plan behavior
  • wisconsin card sorting task/delayed response task
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15
Q

define consolidation?

A

storing memory in a permanent form

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16
Q

what is the consolidation process influenced by?

A

salience and emotion

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17
Q

what does the medial temporal lobe (MTL) include?

A
  • hippocampus
  • rhinal cortex
  • amygdala
18
Q

what is the medial temporal lobe critical for?

A
  • declarative memory formation and storage
19
Q

what does the lateral temporal lobe include?

A
  • high order visual areas
  • IT area that responds to complex object
20
Q

what happens when the temporal lobe is electrically stimulated?

A
  • complex experiences of memories
21
Q

what happens when temporal lobe is damaged?

A
  • amnesia
22
Q

what are the types of amnesias?

A

retrograde
- forget past memories, usually graded in time

anterograde
- inability to form new memories

23
Q

what parts of the brain were missing in patient HM?

A
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
24
Q

what did HM suffer from?
what remained?
what did he lack?

A
  • absolute anterograde amnesia
  • partial retrograde amnesia
  • he had a good working memory
  • could remember procedural tasks

lacked ability to consolidate

25
Q

what does HM still having memory tell us?

A

memories are broadly distributed throughout the brain
- hippocampus may have to do with linking new sensory information and to older memories

26
Q

what does delayed non-match task say about MTL?

A
  • medial temporal lesions cause anterograde amnesia
27
Q

hippocampus lesion + spatial memory?
(arm maze)

A
  • can still learn task=procedural memory is fine
  • but forgets which arm had the food=working or short term memory is impaired
28
Q

bilateral hippocampus lesion + spatial memory?
(water maze)

A
  • rat is unable to get better at finding platform
29
Q

what cells are in the hippocampus specifically?
what do they respond to?

A

place cells
- responds to the place where the animal thinks it is

grid cells
- activate at many locations that can be laid out in a grid

30
Q

where do grid cells get their input from?

A

entorhinal cortex

31
Q

what is the cognitive map theory?

A

the theory that the hippocampus creates a map of the environment

32
Q

large hippocampus =?

A

large navigation capacities

33
Q

7 aspects of hippocampus?

A

1) consolidation
2) short term memory
3) spatial memory
4) link information
5) grids
6) selectivity for faces and objects
7) lesions may disrupt memory and spatial

34
Q

what is reconsolidation?

A
  • recall reactivates memories and they are stored again
  • memories may be altered after reconsolidation
35
Q

what does reactivating a memory do?

A

makes it plastic again, meaning it is susceptible to change

36
Q

what can block memory formations?

A
  • benzodiazepines
  • ECS
37
Q

keep going!

A

!

38
Q

what do benzodiazepines do?
how do they work?

A
  • they cause anterograde amnesia for events shortly after administration
  • GABA-A receptors have benzodiazepines receptors
39
Q

what does HDAC2 do?

A

shuts off plasticity genes

40
Q

what is the effect of a HDAC2 inhibitor?

A

plasticity will be turned on and old associations can be altered
- think mouse, sound, shock experiment

NEURO 0010 (22 decks)

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