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NEURO 0010 > motor > Flashcards

motor Flashcards

1
Q

what do skeletal muscles do in order to move bones?

A
  • pull at the tendons to move bones
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2
Q

what are the types of muscle?

A
  • striated: skeletal
  • smooth muscle (in organs, innervated by autonomic nervous system)
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3
Q

function of flexors:

A

flexion at the joint

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4
Q

function of extensors:

A

extends at the joint

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5
Q

function of agonists/synergists:

A

muscles that contract together

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6
Q

function of antagonists:

A

the muscles working against agonists
- while agonists contract, antagonists relax to create smoothmovement

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7
Q

function of axial muscles?

A

move trunk, maintain posture

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8
Q

function of proximal/girdle muscles?

A

move shoulder, pelvis, elbow, knee; locomotion

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9
Q

function of distal muscles?

A

move hands, feet, digits; fine motor skills, specialized in humans

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10
Q

fast twitch - force and fatigue?

A

high force, rapid fatigue

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11
Q

slow twitch - force and fatigue?

A

low force, slow fatigue

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12
Q

fast vs. low twitch mitochondria and stored energy?

A

fast
- low mitochondria -> uses anaerobic
- high stored energy

slow
- high mitochondria
- low stored energy

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13
Q

capillary density and blood supply fast vs. slow?

A

fast
- low

slow
- high

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14
Q

how does the spinal cord send motor neuron axons to the brain?

A

through the ventral horn

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15
Q

cervical and lumbar segments of the spinal cord represent ?

A

used for fine motor control
cervical = arms/hands/digits
lumbar = legs

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16
Q

lateral ventral vs. medial ventral horn control?

A

lateral controls -> lateral muscles(hands)
medial controls -> ventral muscles(torso)

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17
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

a synaptic connection between the terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle

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18
Q

define a muscle fiber/muscle cell?

A

the basic unit of the muscle

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19
Q

what does a muscle fiber get input from?

A

one alpha motor nueron
- fast reliable
- uses ACh

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20
Q

where does a muscle fiber synapse?

A

at the motor end plate

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21
Q

motor unit?

A

1 alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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22
Q

what does a smaller motor unit indicate?

A

less muscle fibers per alpha motor neuron -> finer control

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23
Q

what is a motor pool?

A

all the alpha motor neurons that innervate 1 muscle

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24
Q

what are the 2 methods of generating more force?

A

1) fire more, more fire
2) increase number of active motor neurons

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25
Q

fire more, more fire method?

A

increase firing rate of active motor neurons
- temporal summation of twitches
- fasciculation:
spontaneous firing of individual MNs
-> spontaneous motor unit contractions -> uncoordinated muscle twitches

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26
Q

increase number method?

A

size principle
- small motor units recruited before large ones
- smaller motor units have smaller MNs so they are easier to activate

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27
Q

what input do alpha motor neurons receive?

A
  • sensory
  • nearby spinal segments
  • brain
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28
Q

what is proprioception?

A

sense of body position and movement so your body knows what your doing and where you are in space

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29
Q

what 2 places receive information from proprioceptive field?

A
  • golgi tendon organs
  • muscle spindles
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30
Q

define golgi tendons and their function?

A
  • respond to muscle tension
  • allows us to regulate how much force to use for different tasks
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31
Q

where are golgi located and what are they innervated by?

A
  • in series with muscle fibers
  • at the junction between muscle and tendon

innervated = 1b axons

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32
Q

golgi tendon mechanism

A

1) alpha motor neuron activates causing muscles to contract
2) muscle contraction pulls golgi tendon organ and squeezes collagen fibrils
3) 1b axons interwoven with collagen deform and activate
-> mechanosensitive ion channels on 1b open
-> depolarize
4) 1b axon fired more to encode increased tension in muscle

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33
Q

force feedback

A

GTO innervates inhibitory interneurons
-> reduces alpha motor neuron activity
-> reduces muscle tension if its overloaded

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34
Q

muscle spindle location and innervation?

what are they made of?

A

location
- in parallel with muscle fibers
- wrapped around these muscle fibers 1a afferent axons

they are made of capsules containing muscle fibers

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35
Q

muscle spindle mechanism?

A

1) muscle stretches, they also pull the spindles and intrafusal muscle fibers
2)stretch opens mechanosensitive ion channels
3) 1a fibers fire more

36
Q

what are gama motor neurons, what do they do?

A

innervate intrafusal fibers and make them contract/re-adjust length until 1a fibers come online again

37
Q

stretch reflex sequence?
what is its function?

A

1) tap patellar tendon
2) breifly stretches quadriceps
3) spindle stretch receptors -> 1a axon activation
4) 1a axon synapses onto alpha motor neuron innervating quads
5)alpha motor neuron activates
-> quads contract

maintain muscle at constant lenght

38
Q

reciprocal inhibition?

A

as agonists contract, antagonists relax

39
Q

flexor-crossed extensor reflex/right foot thumbtack sequence?

A

1) pain stim -> nociceptive adelta axons carry signals to spinal cord
2) alpha delta axons excited excitatory interneurons that synapse on other interneurons
3) excitatory interneurons on right leg flexors and lest leg tensors
4) inhibitory interneurons onto R leg extensors and L leg flexors

right leg=flex
left leg=bend

40
Q

pathway for motor?

A

motor cortex (area 6, and 4)
-> basal ganglia and cerebellum

41
Q

what are the 2 control pathways?

A

cerebellar and basal ganglia

42
Q

what controls strategy? what movement is relevant

A

cortex area 6, basal ganglia, higher order association areas

43
Q

what controls the tactics? how we do the movement

A

motor cortex area 4, cerebellum

44
Q

what controls the execution? doing the movement

A

brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord

45
Q

what are the main pathways?

A
  • lateral pathway
  • ventromedial pathway
46
Q

lateral
- control
- body parts
- tract

A
  • voluntary movement
  • distal muscles
  • corticospinal tract
47
Q

ventromedial
- control
- body parts

A
  • posture, gait balance, head position
  • axial/proximal muscles
48
Q

where does the ventromedial pathway originate?
where does it collect information from?

A

brainstem

collects information from
- superior colliculus, cerebellum, vestibular nucleus

49
Q

what is the main aspect of the lateral pathway to focus on?

A
  • cortico spinal tract
50
Q

what is the purpose of the cortico spinal tract?

A

voluntary movements
- particularly, distal muscles

51
Q

where does the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

at the caudal medulla

52
Q

what happens if you damage above the medulla in lateral pathway?

A

damage on opposite side

53
Q

what happens if you damage below or at medulla in lateral pathway?

A

damage on both sides

54
Q

area4/M1 motor cortex activity?

A

movement and movement control

55
Q

what would lesioning M1 do?

A

damage movement

56
Q

what does electrical stimulation of M1 do?

A

evoke movment

57
Q

what is the activity of M1 neurons associated with?

A

execution of the movement

58
Q

what is area 6 associated with?

A

SMA and PMA
- strategy and tactic
- motor planning, the intent to move

59
Q

what is area 4 associated with?

A

M1
- execution

60
Q

what is M1 do?

A

move a specific area of the body

61
Q

what do SMA and PMA stand for?

A

sub-motor area
pre-motor area

62
Q

M1 and S1 in figer example?

A

finger flexion alone

63
Q

SMA, PMA and M1 in finger example?

A

sequence of finger movements

64
Q

SMA and PMA in finger example?

A

mentally moveing fingers

65
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery do?

A

supplies blood to cortical areas key to sensation and movement

66
Q

what does a stroke do?

A

stops blood flow through the middle cerebral artery

67
Q

what is brocas area important for?
where is it located and what happens in the case of a stroke?

A

speech, language production
- located near middle cerebral artery

stoke
- slurred/difficult speech

68
Q

what are 4 things that are signs of damage to motor tracts?

A

1) paresis - weakness
2) plegia - paralyisis
3) spasticity
- hypertonia, hyperflexia, clonus
4) sign of babinski
- toes should curl in adults

69
Q

how much space does the cerebellum take up?

A

10% of brain volume
50% of brains neurons

70
Q

what is the cerebellum made of?

A

folia not gyri

71
Q

what input does the cerebellum recieve?

A

motor control

72
Q

what does cerebellum modulate?
what is it the key to?

A

motor learning
execution of movement

73
Q

what side of the body does the cerebellum control?

A

ipsilateral side

74
Q

what does cerebral damage cause?

A

effects the ipsilateral side of the body

75
Q

what is axtasia?

A

poor coordination of voluntary movements, disruption of timing and spatial accuracy

76
Q

what are other symptoms of axtasia?

A
  • slow to begin and end movement
  • intention tremor
  • drunken gait
  • melographia - large handwriting
  • hypotonia (knee jerks)
  • disrupted balance
77
Q

what is the basal ganglia made of?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
78
Q

what is the input of the basal ganglia loop?

A

large areas of cortex

79
Q

what is the output of the basal ganglia root?

A
  • movement initiation
  • filters out irrelevant/inappropriate movements
80
Q

basal ganglia loop sequence?

A

1) cortex projects to striatum
2) striatum projects to globus pallidus
3) globus pallidus projects to VLo
4) VLo projects to cortex

81
Q

what amine is key to the basal ganglia circuit pathway?

A

dopamine

82
Q

what happens to this circus with various diseases?

A

hyper or hypokenises

83
Q

what are the basal ganglial diseases caused by?

A

VLo thalamus inhibition/excitation correlated with basal ganglia output

84
Q

what does increased inhibition by global pallidus do? in basal ganglial pathway?

A

parkinsons - hypokinesia (not enough movement)

85
Q

what does decreased inhibition by global pallidus do? in the basal ganglia pathway?

A

huntingtons disease - hyperkinesia (excess movement)

86
Q

what are the symptoms of basal ganglial diseases?

A

dyskinesias - involuntary movements
akinesia - difficulty with movement
rigidity - problems with muscle tone
ballism - excessive, uncontrolled movement

87
Q

what causes parkinsons, what are some symptoms

A

death of dopsminergic neurons in substantia nigra
- akinesia - difficulty with inviluntary movement
- brady kinesia - slowless
- masked face
- rigidity

NEURO 0010 (22 decks)

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