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NEURO 0010 > sleep > Flashcards

sleep Flashcards

1
Q

why are EEGs negative?

A

because sodium is rushing into the cell and depolarizing it

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2
Q

synchronized activity description?
- when, shape

A
  • neurons “in phase”
  • summation causes large amp, low frequency EEG
  • during sleep
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3
Q

desynchronized activity description?
- when, shape

A
  • neurons “out of phase”
  • get a complicated rhythm
  • low amp, high frequency
  • when brain is active
  • seen in REM sleep
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4
Q

what are neural pacemakers?

A
  • multiple VG channel types
  • neurons can fire in rhythmic bursts of APs
  • synchronized by thalamic input
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5
Q

oscillator circits

A
  • steady rate, drives inhibitory cell, then theres bursts of spikes, then quiet.
  • delicate balance similar to adaptation in vision
  • synchronized by each-other
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6
Q

define a seizure?

A

abnormal synchronized brain activity

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7
Q

what are the two main categories of seizures?
define them.

A

generalized
- affects entire brain, loose consciousness

partial/focal
- affects only a portion of the brain
- commonly associated with brain damage and tumors
- temporal lobe

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8
Q

what are the types of generalized seizures?

A

grand mal / tonic-clonic

petit mal/focal

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9
Q

describe grand mal

A

sudden onset
- recovery takes up to hours
- tonic phase: stiff limbs, may stop breathing
- clonic phase: rapid muscle contractions

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10
Q

describe petit mal

A

Patient is completely dissociated from everything around them, only subtle motor signs

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11
Q

what are the types of partial seizures?

A

simple

complex

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12
Q

define simple partial

A
  • retain awareness
  • spasms
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13
Q

complex partial

A
  • loose consciousness (seem in a daze)
  • graded start ans stop
  • can last minutes
  • temporal lobes are most commonly involved
  • aura often precedes seizure
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14
Q

what is eplilepsy?

A
  • reoccurring seizures
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15
Q

how to anticonvulsants work?

A
  • shift excitatory/inhibitory balance
  • can block Na+ channels, Gu receptors
  • can inhibit metabolism or increase release of GABA
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16
Q

what are other treatments for seizures?

A
  • deep brain stimulation
  • surgery
  • keto diet (decrease neuron excitability)
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17
Q

what are status seizures?

A
  • rare seizures that last longer than 5 minutes
  • can be fatal
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18
Q

why do we sleep?

A
  • conserve energy at night
  • rest and recover
  • memory consolidation
  • disease prevention (obesity, alzheimers)
  • self protection when most vulnerable
19
Q

what happens when rats did not sleep?

A
  • weight loss
  • temperature regulation disrupted
  • weakened immune system
  • death
20
Q

what would happened to randy when he did not to sleep?

A
  • fatigue
  • hallucinations
  • speech
  • memory
  • he was fine after he slept
21
Q

how does sleep relate to memory?

A

hippocampus activity is increases

22
Q

how does sleep relate to memory?

A

hippocampus activity is increases

23
Q

what are the effects of sleep deprivation in humans?

A
  • inc heart rate, blood pressure, heart attack and cortisol levels
  • leptin decreases, ghrelin increases
  • male and female hormone levels are reduced
  • type 2 diabetes
24
Q

what is the glymphatic system?
what does it do?

A
  • glial cells form channels along arteries and veins in the brain
  • extracellular fluid carries away proteins and waste some of which can be toxic through cerebral spinal fluid
25
Q

what impact does loss of sleep have on the glymphatic system?

A
  • removal of beta amyloid via the glymphatic system is impaired in alzheimers patients
  • sleep loss may contribute to this
26
Q

what is fatal familial insomnia disease?
what causes it?

A
  • rare disease triggered by mutation in gene that codes a prion protein
  • causes cell death in the thalamus (relay center), which leads to an inability to sleep

symptoms
- onset in 50s
- insomnia
- weight loss
- dementia
- uncoordinated movement
- unable to walk or talk
- death after 1-3 years

27
Q

what are the differences between REM and non-REM sleep?

A

REM = rapid eye movement, paradoxal sleep

non-REM = slow wave

28
Q

what is the relationship between wave shape and sleep?

A

deeper sleep= bigger waves

29
Q

describe non-REM sleep?

A
  • 75% of sleep
  • 4 stages based on EEG
  • low muscle tone and body movements
  • slow to no eye movement
  • occasional dreams
  • increased parasympathetic nervous system
    • dec heart rate, bp, breathing rate
30
Q

describe REM sleep?

A
  • 25% of sleep
  • rapid eye movements
  • EEG looks awake
  • atonia=no muscle tone
  • increased sympathetic activity
  • complex dreaming
31
Q

what causes atonia in REM sleep?
what are the results?

A
  • inhibition of lower motor neurons
  • eyes, toes, fingers uninhibited
32
Q

what is atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder?

A
  • loss of REM atonia
33
Q

what is the typical sleep cycle?

A
  • progression from light to deep sleep to light sleep
  • there are about 5-7 cycles in a night
34
Q

how long is first REM episode to the last REM epidose?

A
  • first = 10 minutes
  • last = 40-90 minutes
35
Q

what is the reticular activating system (RAS)?

A
  • “little net”
  • consists of about 100 nuclei in the brain stem
36
Q

what occurs when the RAS is stimulated?

A
  • RAS activates the brain
  • makes EEG jump from sleep to awake
37
Q

what happens when the rostral RAS is lesioned in an animal?

A
  • animal is put into non-REM sleep or coma
38
Q

what does ATP have to do with sleep?

A
  • the active brain uses more ATP which is broken down into adenosine and phosphate
  • less adenosine = more awake
  • more adenosine = more sleep pressure = neurons are more hyperpolarized

as day goes on, more ATP is used and more adeonsine builds up in the system

39
Q

what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
what does it synchronize with?

A
  • SCN is synchronized to light, but not dependent on it
  • SCN spikes when “light inhibits the Pineal gland for less release of melatonin”
40
Q

how does melatonin work?

A
  • it is released when night begins to fall
  • makes us more aware that it is is dark outside
  • also associated with temperature
41
Q

what areas in the brain are most active during REM sleep and dreams?

A
  • visual cortex
42
Q

what are the 3 principles of narcolepsy?

A
  • REM sleep attacks
  • cataplexy - sudden atonia triggered by intense emotions
  • sleep paralysis - atonia that extends into time awake
43
Q

what is narcolepsy caused by?

A

degeneration of hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

NEURO 0010 (22 decks)

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