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NEURO 0010 > Lectures 6-7 : Anatomy > Flashcards

Lectures 6-7 : Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is decussation?

A

axons crossing the midline

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2
Q

contra-lateral?

A

same side of body

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3
Q

ipsilateral?

A

same side of body

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4
Q

dorsal vs. ventral
rostral vs. caudal

A

dorsal/superior = back/ back of spine
ventral/inferior = belly/ front of spine
rostral/anterior = nose
caudal/posterior= tail

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5
Q

what is different about how directions are applied to humans?

A
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6
Q

ends with ior?

A

directions are perpendicular or parallel to the ground

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7
Q

ends with al?

A

directions relative to neuraxis

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8
Q

what is the neuraxis?

A

axis defined by the embryonic neural tube

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9
Q

horizontal vs. sagital vs. frontal?

A
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10
Q

what does transverse mean?

A

perpendicular to the neuraxis

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11
Q

somatic vs. visceral/ autonomic

A

somatic
- motor axons control muscle contractions
- sensory nerves entering spine containing info from skin, muscles, and joints

visceral/autonomic
- innervates internal organs, blood vessels and glands
- motor axons control relaxation or contraction of walls of blood vessels and intestines
- sensory axons carry info on visceral function
- divided into sympathetic and para sympathetic

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12
Q

afferent vs. efferent?

A

afferent fibers = arrive into the central nervous system
ex. sensory axons carrying information from fingertips into the dorsal root of the spine

efferent fibers = exit the central nervous system
ex. motor axon exiting the ventral rot of the spine to control fingertips

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13
Q

where are the soma and axons concerning the somatic nervous system?

A

CNS - soma
PNS - axons

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14
Q

cerebrum - desc, direction, size?

A
  • soft, sensory fibers, perception, memory
  • the rostral-most and largest part of the brain is the
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15
Q

what divides the cerebrum?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • separated by the deep sagittal fissures
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16
Q

what do the hemispheres of cerebrum control?

A

left hem - right side of body
right hem - left side of body

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17
Q

cerebellum?

A
  • little brain
  • movement control center
  • has extensive connections with the cerebrum and the spinal cord
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18
Q

what do the sides of the cerebellum contain?

A

left - left side of body
right - right side of body

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19
Q

white matter- surround?

A

mostly axons
at bottom - surrounds gray

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20
Q

grey matter?

A

mostly cell bodies
at top - surrounds white

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21
Q

brain stem?

A
  • a complex nexus of fibers and cells
  • relay information from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum, and vice versa
  • site where vital functions are regulated, such as breathing, consciousness, and the control of body temperature
  • one can survive damage to the cerebrum and cerebellum, but damage to the brain stem is usually fatal.
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22
Q

spinal nerve function?

A
  • how the spinal cord communicates with the body
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23
Q

composition of the spinal nerve?

A
  • dorsal root = afferent (into spine)
  • ventral root = efferent (out of spine)
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24
Q

how many spinal nerves per each level of the spinal cord?

A

1

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25
Q

what is the dorsal root ganglia?

A

contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons but there are no ventral root ganglia

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26
Q

what are the parts of the spinal cord from a horizontal view?

A

grey matter
- dorsal horn
- intermediate zone
- ventral horn

white matter
- dorsal column
- lateral column
- ventral column

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27
Q

what is the menix?

A

the three membranes that cover the surface of the central nervous system

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28
Q

what are the parts of the meninges?

A

dura mater - tough protectant
arachnoid membrane - web like
pia mater - surface grooves
- many blood vessles
- adheres closely to surface of the brain

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29
Q

what is the subdural space?

A

space between dura matter and arachnoid membrane

when blood vessels passing through dura burst -> subdural hematoma

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30
Q

what is the subarachnoid space?

A
  • filled with salty clear liquid called cerebrospinal fluid
  • has negative pressure so that the membranes can suction
31
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • CNS
  • fluid produced by the choroid plexus - - flows through the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space
32
Q

what is the ventricular system?

A
  • made of the fluid-filled caverns and canals inside the brain
33
Q

what is the ventricular system?

A
  • made of the fluid-filled caverns and canals inside the brain
34
Q

arachnoid villi?

A

special structures in the subarachnoid space that allow CSF to be absorbed by the blood vessels

35
Q

what are the divisions of the spine, how many segments does each division have?

A

4 segments of spinal cord nerves
- cervical = 8 segments (arm)
- thoracic = 12 segments
- lumbar = 5 segments (leg)
- sacral = 5 segments

CTLS

36
Q

what is the caudal aquina?

A

spinal nerves from lumbar and sacral segments

37
Q

what are the lobes of the brain? what do they correlate with?

A
  • frontal - motor
  • parietal - touch
  • temporal - auditory
  • occipital - visual
38
Q

what is the brain stem made of?

A
  • pons
  • medulla
  • midbrain
39
Q

insula location and function?

A
  • lays behind temporal lobe
  • taste
40
Q

why do gyri and sulci exist?

A

maximize brain surface area

41
Q

what is the important sulcus and gyri?

A

central sulcus
- separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

pre-central gyrus
- rostral to central sulcus

postcentral gyrus
- immediately caudal to the central sulcus

42
Q

what are the important fissures?

A

lateral/sylvian fissure
- seperates temproal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

superior temporal gyrus
- superior part of the temporal lobe and borders sylvian fissure

43
Q

what is the infection of the meningies?

A

meningitis

44
Q

neural tube development - what makes up the embryo?

A

endoderm: innermost = internal organ lining

mesoderm: middle = middle layer of cells that develop into bones and muscle

ectoderm: outer layer = nervous system and skin

neural plate: portion of ectoderm that develops into nervous system

45
Q

what is the neural tube?

A

tube that develops from an inward folding of the neural plate that is the actual precursor to the entire central nervous system

46
Q

how is the neural tube created?

A

neurulation
- conformational change change of the neural plate

47
Q

steps of neurulation

A

1) the neural plate sinks in and folds to form the neural groove

2) the lateral parts of the groove become walls called the neural fold

3) the fold come together medially and form the neural crest

4) the neural groove closes and forms the neural tube

48
Q

what are the neurotube defects?

A

neuropore
- openings/gaps in the neural tube due to failure to seal and close neural tube

anencephaly
- incomplete brain or skulls due to the rostral end of the of the neural tube being folded improperly

spina bifida
- results from failed closing of the caudal part of neural tube
- sac of spinal fluid potruding from mid lower back

49
Q

what are the parts of the neural tube? what do tthey become?

A

forebrain / prosencephalon
- diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus & third ventricle
- telencephalon: cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres basal ganglia & lateral ventricle

midbrain / mesencephalon
- tectum: roof - superior(visual) and inferior (auditory)
colliculius
- tegmentum : floor - red nucleus,
ventral tegmental area,
periaqueductal gray
- cerebral aqueduct

hindbrain / rhombencephalon
- rostral: cerebellum and pons
- caudal: medulla
- fourth venticle

50
Q

forebrain looks?

A
51
Q

optic vesicles?

A

secondary vesicle sprouting laterally off the diencephalon to form the optic nerves and retinas

52
Q

mid brain differentiation?

A
53
Q

hind brain?

A
54
Q

how was neruogenesis prooved?

A

BrdU

55
Q

what promotes vs. impairs neurogenesis?

A
56
Q

where do neural stem cells exist?

A
  • SVZ : development
  • dentate gyrus of hippocampus
57
Q

when are most cells generated?

A

before birth 5th week-5th month of pregnancy

58
Q

pruning?

A

loss of neurons from birth to ages 2-3 (use it or loose it)

59
Q

what are the parts of the ventricular system?

A
  • third ventricle
  • cerebral aquaduct
  • fourth ventricle
  • spinal cord
60
Q

what lines the walls of the ventricles?

A

ependymal cells

61
Q

where is the CSF made?

A

choroid plexus

62
Q

what is the sequence of CSF flow?

A

1) lateral ventricles
2) 3rd ventricle
3) cerebral aqueduct
4) 4th venticle

63
Q

where does the cerebral aqueduct lay?

A

between the tectum and tegentum of the midbrain

64
Q

where does the 4th aqueduct lay?

A

pons and medulla

65
Q

what may occur if CSF flow is blocked?

A

hydrocephalus

66
Q

what is the central/spinal canal?

A

the small fluid-filled chamber in the center of the spine

67
Q

what does a rostral cross-section look like in terms of ventricles?

A
  • 3rd ventricle may be absent or very small
  • paired chambers = lateral ventricle
  • lateral also can be very small at the lateral areas of the cortex due to its horn like shape
68
Q

where is the caudate located?

A

lateral to the lateral ventricles

69
Q

where is the thalamus located?

A

lateral to the 3rd ventricle

70
Q

rostral vs. caudal views of the brain? coronal

A
71
Q

mid sag section

A
72
Q

MRI

A

visualize structure of the brain by using energy of electromagnetic wave to excite protons in H atoms, differentiate between gray and white matter

73
Q

fMRI

A

superimposes change in blood flow over time

74
Q

PET

A

looks at the delivery of oxygen labeled with positron emitting isotope (radioactive compound that emits protons that are detected on imaging) of oxygen
- active neurons, using glucose, are more likely to take up the isotope

NEURO 0010 (22 decks)

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