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Microbiology And Immunology 2 > Unit 2 - Immunology > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Immunology Flashcards

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0
Q

What is susceptibility

A

Vulnerability or lack of resistance

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1
Q

What is resistance

A

Ability to ward off disease through our defenses

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2
Q

What are the two different types of the body’s defenses

A

Non specific defences (innate)

Specific defences: immune response (acquired)

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3
Q

What is the first line of defence

A

Skin and mucous membranes, normal microbial flora

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4
Q

What is the second line of defence

A

Phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances

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5
Q

What is the third line of defence

A

Acquired immunity: lymphocytes and antibodies

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6
Q

What defences are considered non specific

A

1 and 2nd

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7
Q

What defences are considered specific

A

3rd line

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8
Q

What do non specific defences do

A

Protect us against any pathogen

Acts in the same way regardless of the pathogen

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9
Q

What is the mechanical process of the first line of defence

A

Physical barriers to entry or processes that remove microbes from body’s surface

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10
Q

What is the chemical form of the first line of defence

A

Substances made by the body that inhibit microbial growth and destroy them

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11
Q

Describe general characteristics of skin

A

Largest organ
3 layers: epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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12
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

Top layer, consisting of dead cells rich in keratin

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13
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Sub cutaneous tissues

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14
Q

List some of the skin defences

A

Dryness and acidity of skin inhibit growth.
Skin shedding removes microbes on skin surface
Sebum creates a protective film that inhibits certain bacteria
Perspiration flushes the skin and has lysozymes to break down gram + bacteria cell walls

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15
Q

Which bacteria is usually involved in a dermatitis

A

Staphylococci bacteria since it is the normal inhabitant of the skin

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16
Q

Describe mucus membranes

A

Cover respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tract. Less protective than skin. Epithelial layer secretes mucus which is a slightly viscous glycoprotein. Mucus traps microbes and dust which prevents tracts from drying

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17
Q

Describe the ciliary escalator

A

Mucus membrane cells are covered with cilia that move in a wave- like motion to propel microbes and dust that become trapped in mucus upward toward the throat where it is coughed, sneezed or swallowed.

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18
Q

Describe saliva

A

Helps dilute the numbers of Microorganisms and wash them from the surface of teeth and mucus membranes in the mouth. Contains lysozymes that break down bacteria

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19
Q

Describe the characteristics of the stomach

A

Gastric secretions are a mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, mucus.
High acidity destroys most bacteria and toxins
Some Microorganisms enter intestines by being protected in food particles.

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20
Q

Describe the characteristics of urogenital tract

A

Flow of urine cleanses the urethra

Vaginal secretions move Microorganisms outside the body. Also slightly acidic to inhibit bacterial growth

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21
Q

Describe the lacrimal apparatus

A

Lacrimal glands produce tears, blinking spreads the tears over the eye, tears evaporate and drain into the nasolacrimal duct

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22
Q

What happens in the lacrimal apparatus if irritating substances or Microorganisms done in contact with the eye

A

Lacrimal glands produce more tears to wash away the irritating factor. Tears contain lysozyme.

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23
Q

What is commensalism

A

One organism benefits from a larger organisms which is unaffected

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24
Q

Where are normal microbiota found

A

Skin and GI tract.

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25
Q

What are normal microbiota good for

A

Reduces area available for pathogens to attach establish. Competes with pathogens for nutrients. Produces substances harmful to pathogens.alters conditions that affect the survival of pathogens. Usually harmless but can cause disease if conditions change

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26
Q

Describe the second line of defense

A

Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, complement system, interferons

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27
Q

What is Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of micro organisms or particles such as debris by phagocytic cells.

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28
Q

What white blood cells are Phagocytic

A

Neutrophils, eosinoPhils, macrophages

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29
Q

Phagocytosis is part of what process

A

Inflammation

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30
Q

Describe neutrophils

A

Highly phagocytic and motile. Active in initial stages of infection. Can leave the blood and enter infected tissue to destroy microbes and foreign particles

31
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

Somewhat phagocytic
Active in initial stages of infection.
Ability to leave the blood
Produce toxic proteins against parasites such as helminths
Discharge peroxide ions to destroy helminths.

32
Q

What does having a high number of eosinophils mean

A

Parasitic infections and allergic (hypersensitivity reactions)

33
Q

Describe macrophages

A

Matured monocytes
Active as infection progresses
Dispose of bacteria, worn out blood cells as infection subsides.
Involved in cell mediated immunity.

34
Q

What are the two types of macrophages

A

Fixed and wandering

35
Q

What is the other name for fixed macrophages

A

Histiocytes

36
Q

What do wandering macrophages do

A

Roam the tissues and gather at sites or inflammation or infection.

37
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

Chemical attraction of phagocytes to Microorganisms.

38
Q

What are the chemotactic chemicals

A

Microbial products, wbc components, damaged tissue cells

39
Q

Describe adherence

A

Attachment of phagocytes plasma membrane to the surface of the Microorganisms or other foreign material.

40
Q

What is opsonization

A

The coating process with certain serum proteins that promote attachment of micro organism to the phagocyte

41
Q

What is ingestion

A

Plasma membrane extends pseudopods that engulf the micro organism. The pseudopods join and fuse to create phagosomes.

42
Q

Describe digestion in phagocytes

A

Phagosome in cytoplasm contacts lysosomes containing digestive enzymes and bacteriocidal substances. The two fuse membranes to form a phagolysosome.

43
Q

What are the four mechanisms of phagocytosis

A

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion.

44
Q

How do bacteria avoid distruction by phagocytosis

A

Have structures that inhibit adherence, some microbes can escape the phagosome before fuses with Lysozomes. so microbes can survive inside the phagocyte and require the low pH inside the phagolysosomes to replicate.

45
Q

What is inflammation

A

Defense mechanism following tissue damage caused by microbial infection, physical agents such as heat electricity or sharp objects, or chemical agents such as acids or bases.

46
Q

What are the four signs of information

A

Redness or Erythema, heat, swelling or edema, pain

47
Q

What is acute inflammation

A

If the cause of inflammation is removed in a short period of time. Intense response

48
Q

What is chronic inflammation

A

If the cause of information is difficult or cannot be removed. Longer-lasting and less intense response. Overall more destructive

49
Q

What are the functions of inflammation

A

Destroy and remove the injurious agent if possible. If destruction is not possible, to limit the effects on the body if I can finding or walling off the injurious agent. Repair or replace damaged tissue.

50
Q

What are the three stages of inflammation

A

Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytose migration and phagocytosis, tissue repair

51
Q

Why is vasodilation part of the information process

A

Increased permeability permits defensive substances to pass through the walls of blood vessels and enter the injured area. Help deliver clotting elements to form a clot

52
Q

What is vasodilation responsible for

A

The erythema and heat of inflammation.

53
Q

What is increased permeability responsible for

A

The Edema of inflammation.

54
Q

What is a localized accumulation of pus

A

Absess

55
Q

What is vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels caused by

A

Chemicals released by damage cells in response to injury. Histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes.

56
Q

What do histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes do

A

Attract phagocytic cells and T cells from the immune system

57
Q

What is margination

A

When neutrophils and monocytes stick to lining of blood vessels

58
Q

What is diapedesis

A

Phagocytes squeeze between the endothelial cells of blood vessels to reach the damaged area

59
Q

What do monocytes mature into

A

Macrophages

60
Q

What do macrophages do

A

Phagocytize destroyed tissues, dead neutrophils, invading Microorganisms

61
Q

What do dead neutrophils and macrophages form

A

Pus

62
Q

What happens to pus

A

Fistulates or is gradually destroyed and absorbed by the body

63
Q

When does tissue repair start

A

During active phase of inflammation but is not completed until harmful substances have been removed.

64
Q

When is a tissue repaired

A

When it’s stroma or parenchyma produces new cells

65
Q

What is a stroma

A

Supportive connective tissue

66
Q

What is a parenchyma

A

Functioning part of the tissue

67
Q

What is fever

A

Abnormally high body temperature produced in response to a bacterial or viral infection.

68
Q

What part of the brain controls body temperature

A

Hypothalamus

69
Q

What does a chill in a fever mean

A

The body responses to cold temperature with increased blood vessel constriction, increased rate of metabolism and shivering

70
Q

What is the crisis point in a fever

A

Where the infection subsides the body temperature lowers and he losing mechanisms such as vasodilation and sweating occur

71
Q

What are two antimicrobial substances

A

Proteins of the complement system, interferons

72
Q

What is the complement system

A

Complement system consists of a group of serum proteins produced by the liver that activate one another in the cascade to destroy invading microorganisms. Complement proteins are in active until they are split into products

73
Q

What happens when the three complement system pathways end in the activation of C3

A

Inflammation,opsonization or phagocytosis, cytolysis

74
Q

What are interferons

A

Antiviral proteins produced in response to a viral infection. Host cell specific but not virus specific

75
Q

What do alpha and beta IFN interferons do

A

Induce uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins that prevent viral replication

76
Q

What does the gamma IFN interferon do

A

Activates neutrophils and microphones is to kill bacteria by phagocytolysis

Microbiology And Immunology 2 (23 decks)

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