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Microbiology And Immunology 2 > Unit 1 - Mycoses > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Mycoses Flashcards

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0
Q

What causes a fungal proliferation

A

Treatment with antibiotics which wipes out normal bacteria microflora, decreased immune system secondary to neoplasia, corticosteroids, diabetes mellitus

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1
Q

What are most fungi considered

A

Opportunistic pathogen’s

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2
Q

Describe the characteristics of fungal infections

A

Chronic and slow progressing. Inflammatory response is granulomatous, immunity is cell mediated

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3
Q

What is Dermatophytosis a.k.a. ringworm

A

Contagious infection of keratinized skin, hair, claws. Caused by one of several species of superficial fungi, the dermatophytes

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4
Q

Describe the host range for ringworm

A

Species are host adapted, but can cross host barriers. Any animal species may contact her dermatophytosis. Particularly important in cats and is zoonotic.

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5
Q

What is the general age range infected with ringworm

A

Most commonly a disease of young animals do to immaturity of immune system

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6
Q

What are the risk factors for dermatophytosis

A

Immune deficiency. Inadequate husbandry conditions, high population density, stress, poor nutrition

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7
Q

Which are the breeds of cats that are predisposed to dermatophytosis

A

Persians and Himalayan’s

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8
Q

What are the most common dermatophytes of cats and dogs

A

Microsporum canis
Microsporum gypseum
Trichophyton mentagrophytes

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9
Q

Describe the dermatophytosis lesions

A

Circular areas of alopecia and scaling patches with central hair regrowth and inflamed edges. Often multiple lesions. Not all lesions are classic

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10
Q

Describe where the dermatophytosis lesions are on dogs

A

Face or paws

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11
Q

Describer where the dermatophytosis lesions are on cats

A

Ear pinnea and face

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12
Q

Why is dermatophytosis underdiagnosed in cats

A

Due to the variation in lesion presentation

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13
Q

How do you diagnose dermatophytosis

A

Woods lamp. Look for Applegreen florescence. Not all dermatophytes fluoresce. Fungal culture to confirm diagnosis and monitor treatment

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14
Q

What percentage of microsporum canis strains will flouresce a bright green color upon exposure to a uv light

A

50%

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15
Q

What materials can cause a false positive when diagnosing ringworm

A

Scales or dandruff and topical products which can florescence

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16
Q

How do you confirm that it’s a true positive when diagnosing ringworm

A

Bright green in hairs only. Allow the lamp five minutes to warm up

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17
Q

What do you do when you have fluorescing hairs in diagnosing ringworm

A

Sent for fungal culture. Pluck hair from edges of lesions using a sterile hemostat and submit. Or a toothbrush is vigorously combed over the lesions for 2 to 3 minutes. Wrap in plastic to submit to laboratory

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18
Q

Name the in clinic fungal culture method

A

DTM. Dermatophyte testing medium. Place hair on culture medium or inbed toothbrush. Cover plates and incubate at room temperature. Watch daily for growth.

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19
Q

How do you know that you have ringworm based on a culture

A

Look for off-white, fluffy to powdery colony with the red color change in the medium at the same time that the colony first appears. Examine them under the microscope for confirmation

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20
Q

How quickly does ringworm grow on culture medium

A

Growth happens within 7 to 14 days though plates are kept for 21 days before being deemed negative for growth

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21
Q

How do you perform the microscopic confirmation of ringworm

A

Brush a strip of clear tape over the colony. Mount tape sticky side down onto a drop of methyl blue on a microscope slide. Examine it 10 X to 40 X for typical appearance of dermatophyte macroconidia

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22
Q

Describe the appearance of microsporum canis generally speaking

A

Canoe shaped, thick walled macroconidia with terminal knobs

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23
Q

Describe how you would microscopically identify microsporum gypseum

A

Numerous thin walked macroconidia with slightly rounded proximal ends

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24
Q

Describe how you would microscopically identify trichiphyton mentagrophytes

A

Cigar shaped microconidia which may be few in number. Numerous globose microconidia . Spiral hypae might be present

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25
Q

How do you treat ringworm

A

Usually self limiting. Treatment strongly advised to accelerate recovery and minimize spread l

26
Q

What does the best treatment for ringworm include

A

Topical, systemic and environmental treatment

27
Q

How long do you do a treatment for ringworm

A

Continued until clinical and ideally mycologic cure is achieved, usually 8-16weeks

28
Q

At what time in treatment do you repeat fungal culture for ringworm

A

After 2 months of treatment then once per month until 2 negative culture

29
Q

Give an example of a ringworm topical treatment

A

Imaverol dilution with e collar.

30
Q

Describe a systemic treatment for ringworm for dogs as well as cats

A

Itrafunol for cats. Ketoconazole in dogs.

31
Q

Describe an environmental treatment for ringworm

A

Disinfect environment with diluted bleach

32
Q

How is ringworm transmitted

A

Direct contact or fomites.

33
Q

What is the protocol you should follow with ringworm

A

Handle infected patients with gloves and wash your hands. Disinfect cages and consultation tables with diluted bleach. Remind owners of the zoonotic nature of disease

34
Q

Describe malassezia pachydermatis

A

Pear shape yeast. Part of normal flora of ear in small quantities. Can cause otitis externa in dogs, uncommon in cats and can also cause dermatitis

35
Q

What are the predisposing factors of otitis externa

A

Conformation, lifestyle, obstructive lesions

36
Q

Describe which conformations are most susceptible to otitis externa

A

Cocker spaniels, basset hounds, beagles, sharpeis, english Bulldogs, chow chows, poodles

37
Q

What life style factors can predispose you to otitis externa

A

Swimming, grooming, excessive ear care

38
Q

What types of obstructive lesions can cause otitis externa

A

Polyps, neoplasia

39
Q

How do you treat otitis externa

A

Topical antibacterial, Antifungal, glucocorticoid combination therapy

40
Q

What is malassezia dermatitis caused by

A

Secondary to allergies and excessive licking.

41
Q

How do you treat malassezia dermatitis

A

Treated topically (surolan) or systemically (itraconazole)

42
Q

Describe Candida albicans

A

Part of the normal flora of the mouth, intestine, lower urogenital tract of animals and humans

43
Q

Describe the virulence of Candida albicans

A

Opportunistic, can invade locally and usually causes superficial infections of skin and mucosa. Can cause systemic infections in severely immunocompromised patients

44
Q

What are different examples of candida

A

Whitish hyperkeratitis on tongue, mouth, stomach. Diaper rash in babies. Mastitis in cows. Vaginitis in women

45
Q

What is a blastomyces dermatitidis

A

Slow growing dimorphic fungus. Mold form in the environment and very large yeast in the body. Most common systemic mycotic infection

46
Q

Describe blastomycosis

A

Can affect many mammalian species but occurs most often in people and dogs. Outdoor roaming dogs near waterway have increased risk. Majorly August-October

47
Q

Describe the dissemination of blastomycosis

A

Young male hunting dog inhales spores. Spores germinate in lung to large budding yeast form, most individual resist infection. Predisposition/heavy load leads to development of chronic granulomatous pneumonia. Usually then disseminates to skin, bone, prostate, testes, eyes. Blocks capillaries and forms ulcerations.

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of blastomycosis

A

Fever, cough, weight loss, lameness, skin ulcers, uveitis

49
Q

Describe histoplasma capsulatum

A

Dimorphic fungus, small yeast in tissue.

50
Q

Where is histoplasmosis found

A

Mostly in soil, especially contaminated with bird or bat droppings

51
Q

How do you get histoplasmosis

A

Inhalation of small microconidia. Oral exposure can also result in disease. Disease may remain confined to lungs, gi tract or may become disseminated.

52
Q

What does histoplasmosis cause

A

Granulomatous pneumonia, lymphadenopathy, colitis, emaciation

53
Q

What is cryptococcosis

A

Dimorphic fungus with the yeast phase Being infective. The yeast is fast growing and slimy.

54
Q

What does c. Neoformans var. neoformans affect

A

Immunocompromised individuals. Frequent in bird manure

55
Q

What does c. Neoformans var. Gatti affect

A

More virulent, can affect healthy individuals, associated with plant debris

56
Q

What are the forms of cryptococcosis

A

Respiratory, cutaneous, cns, ocular forms

57
Q

Describe cryptococcosis in cats

A

Unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge, sneezing, firm swelling over bridge of nose, submandibular lymphadenopathy

58
Q

What can cryptococcosis cause in cats or dogs

A

Multifocal neurologic signs, ocular abnormalities, cutaneous lesions

59
Q

What is aspergillosis

A

Mold. Causes regional or disseminated infection. Dogs more commonly affect than cats.

60
Q

What breeds does systemic aspergillosis affect

A

Middle aged German shepherd

61
Q

What breeds are affected with nasal aspergillosis

A

Medium to large breed dogs

62
Q

Describe the appearance of aspergillus fumigatus

A

Common grey green mold found on moldy bread, cheese and oranges.

63
Q

Describe aspergillus fumigatus

A

Causes a wide variety of disease depending on host predisposition. Can cause chronic sinusitis in dogs, cats, horses.

Microbiology And Immunology 2 (23 decks)

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