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Microbiology And Immunology 2 > Unit 2 - Immune Disorders > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Immune Disorders Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a hyper sensitivity or allergic reaction

A

The immune system over reacts to foreign invaders by producing too many antibiotics or other chemicals

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1
Q

What is an auto immune disorder

A

Sometimes the immune system identifies parts of its own body as foreign and attacks them.

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2
Q

What is immuno suppression

A

When the immune system does not react or cannot generate an appropriate immune response

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3
Q

What are the three types of immune disorders

A

Hypersensitivity, immune deficiencies, immunoproliferative disorders

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4
Q

What are the two types of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Allergic reaction, auto immune disease

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5
Q

What is hypersensitivity

A

Antigenic response beyond what is considered normal. Animal is sensitized to an antigen if exposed to that antigen again the immune system reacts in a damaging manner.

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6
Q

What are the four types of hypersensitivity

A

Type one, type two, type III, type 4

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7
Q

What is a type one hypersensitivity reaction

A

Anaphylactic shock

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8
Q

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Cytotoxic

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9
Q

What is a type III hypersensitivity reaction

A

Immune complex

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10
Q

What is a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity

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11
Q

Describe an anaphylactic reaction

A

Allergic reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific Allergan. Exposure may be by ingestion, inhalation, injection, direct contact.

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12
Q

What is the treatment for an anaphylactic reaction

A

Epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids

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13
Q

Describe the sensitization form of an anaphylactic reaction

A

An antigen is presented to helper T cells that stimulate the B cell production of ige antibodies specific to the antigen. Ige antibodies bind to the FC receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils. Mast cells and basophils coated with ige become sensitized

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14
Q

Describe the. Second exposure form of an anaphylactic reaction

A

He antigen combines with two IGE antibodies on sensitized cells. Degranulation and secretion of histamines, prostaglandins and some other chemicals. Vasodilation of blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction

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15
Q

What is a systemic anaphylactic reaction

A

If antigen appears in blood, the result can be either anaphylactic shock or more localized reaction

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16
Q

What is a localized anaphylactic reaction

A

If Antigen enters to the skin, is ingested or inhaled the localized reaction is typical.

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17
Q

What is anaphylactic shock

A

Rare, life-threatening, immediate allergic reaction to food, and injection, and insect sting. Signs include severe respiratory distress and the sudden onset of diarrhea, vomiting, excessive drooling, shock, seizures, coma, death. Animals gums are very pale and the limbs are cold. Heart rate is fast but post is weak.

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18
Q

How do you counteract an anaphylactic reaction

A

IV injections of epinephrine is administered to counteract the reaction. Treatment for other associated problems such as difficulty breathing may be needed.

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19
Q

What is hives or urticaria

A

Allergic reaction to drugs, chemicals, something eaten, insect bites, sunlight. Develops within 20 minutes of exposure to allergens

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20
Q

Describe hives

A

These severe type of anaphylactic reaction. Small bumps occur on the skin. Often the hair stands up over the swellings and sometimes they itch

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21
Q

Describe facial swelling

A

Most often noticed on the face especially on the lips, the muzzle, around the eyes. Usually not life-threatening. Give antihistamines and corticosteroids

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22
Q

What is allergic asthma

A

Most often in cats. Occurs more frequently in summer and after going outdoors. Asthma attacks can be moderate or lengthy and severe

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23
Q

Describe the signs of allergic asthma

A

Coughing, shortness of breath, mouth breathing, breathing with abdominal efforts. This conviction occurs as a result of construction of the breathing passages triggered by the release of compounds such as histamines that combat allergens

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24
Q

What is the treatment for allergic asthma

A

Oral or inhaled corticosteroids but they do not treat the underlying cause of the asthma. Determining allergic trigger can be difficult

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25
Q

What’s one warning about cats with asthma attacks

A

Decompensation and stress can be fatal to them, may need sedation before procedures like radiographs

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26
Q

Describe the type 2 cytotoxic reaction

A

Activation of complement by combination of IgG or I GM to antigenic cell equals cell lysis.further damage can be caused by macrophages that will attack the antibody coated cells.

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27
Q

What triggers the antibody antigen complex

A

Unclear. May be associated with other immune system disturbances or triggered by a drug, vaccine, infection. Most often trigger cannot be pinpointed

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28
Q

Describe a type 3 immune complex reaction

A

Antigen antibody complexes are deposited in organs and cause inflammatory damage. Most commonly affected sites include joints, skin, lungs, kidneys, brain

29
Q

What is glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomera life of the kidney. Develops when immune complexes become trapped in the glomera light which activate inflammatory response and damages the glomeruli. Results in protein loss in urine

30
Q

What is the treatment for glomerular nephritis

A

Immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the formation of immune complexes. If left untreated leads to chronic kidney failure

31
Q

What is vasculitis

A

Inflammation of the blood vessels

32
Q

What is anterior uveitis

A

Inflammation of eye and immune complexes deposition on iris

33
Q

Summarize type one, two and three hypersensitivities

A

Involve the humeral immune responses including IGE, IgG, IGM

34
Q

Summarize type four hypersensitivity reaction

A

Cell mediated responses under caused mainly by T cells

35
Q

What is type four hypersensitivity reaction considered

A

Delayed type hypersensitivity were reactions are not apparent for a day or more

36
Q

What accounts for the delay in time for a type four hypersensitivity

A

Time required for T cells and macrophages to migrate and accumulate near the foreign antigens

37
Q

How does sensitization occur

A

When foreign antigens are phagocytised by macrophages and are presented to receptors on T cells. T cells proliferate into mature T cells and memory cells.

38
Q

What happens when an animal sensitized to an antigen is exposed to the same antigen

A

Memory cells activated T cells which release destructive cytokines. The cytokines attract macrophages

39
Q

What is contact dermatitis

A

Absorption of Allergan through skin. Allergens react with skin proteins and modify them. Skin proteins are no perceived as foreign. Body produces cell mediated response and causes skin damage.

40
Q

Why does contact dermatitis occur

A

Occurs as a result of contact with sensitizing chemicals in plastic food dishes, plastic callers, flea collars, drugs placed on skin, finishes from carpets, cleaning agents, pollen, grass, weeds

41
Q

What happens when the animal gets contact dermatitis

A

Erruption of papules, generalized erythema, crusting of the skin, hair loss, hyperpigmentation, thickening of the skin

42
Q

What is keratoconjunctivitis Sicca caused by

A

An immune reaction destroys the tear glands. An occurrence and dogs with a genetic predisposition. Treat with Prescription eyedrops that contains cyclosporin which inhibits the immune response

43
Q

What is old dog encephalitis

A

Chronic brain inflammation

44
Q

What is autoimmune thyroiditis

A

Immune mediated disease that destroys the thyroid gland

45
Q

What is autoimmune adrenalitus

A

Caused by infiltration of immune cells into the adrenal gland. This causes the destruction of the glands and may lead to the signs of Addison’s disease

46
Q

What is flea allergic dermatitis

A

Development of hypersensitivity reaction and skin lesions in response to flea salivary antigens. Repeated exposure to flea salivary antigens induce hypersensitivities one and four. When reoccurring or persistent may become more intense and be triggered with progressively less antigen.

47
Q

What are the symptoms of flea allergic dermatitis

A

Acute onset of moderate to severe pruritis. Varying degree of alopecia, erythema, excoriations. In cats causes excessive grooming and vomiting hairballs

48
Q

What is the treatment for flea allergic dermatitis

A

Revolution, advantage multi, advantage with or without capstar. Corticosteroids and antibiotics if necessary

49
Q

What is a congenital immune deficiency and give an example

A

Born with a defective immune system. Nude or her list most has no thymus gland. Does not produce T cells and does not reject transplanted tissue

50
Q

Describe an acquired immune deficiency

A

Maybe caused by drugs, cancers, infectious agents. Many viruses are capable of infecting and killing lymphocytes which lower the immune response such as parvovirus pan leukopenia and fiv, felv. Removal of the spleen decreases the humeral response

51
Q

How does the cell become cancerous

A

When it undergoes transformation and begins to proliferate without control. Initially the cancer is an individual cell that arises from mutations. Viral infection can also change it normal cell to a cancerous cell. Individual cancer cells are attacked.by the immune system. Once a cancer cell attaches to tissue and becomes vascularized develops rapidly into a tumor that becomes resistant to immune rejection

52
Q

What is lymphoma

A

Systemic malignant neoplasm of lymphoid origin

53
Q

What is a multicentric lymphoma distribution

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, liver.

54
Q

What is an alimentary lymphoma distribution

A

Stomach, small intestine,Colon, rectum him

55
Q

What is a mediastinal lymphoma distribution

A

Thymus, mediastinal and sternal lymph nodes

56
Q

What are the other three places lymphomas can be found

A

Renal, spinal, nasal

57
Q

Describe lymphoma in cats

A

Mostly gastrointestinal or renal. Typically cats of 7 to 13 years in age. Felv 62x times more likely. Fiv 5x times more likely. Infection are risk factors for developing a lymphoma. FeLV status influences age and anatomical location. FeLV and associated lymphoma is mostly in young cats. Mediastinal and spinal.

58
Q

Described lymphoma and dogs

A

Mostly multicentric in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver. Typically middle-aged to older dogs

59
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to lymphoma

A

Golden retrievers, boxers, Rottweilers, Bassett hound, cocker spaniels, bulldog poodle

60
Q

How do you diagnose lymphoma

A

Fine needle aspiration of lymph node. Abdominal ultrasound plus fine needle aspiration of affected Organ. Thoracic radiographs. Laparotomy and biopsy

61
Q

How do you treat lymphoma

A

Chemotherapy. Prognosis is variable depending on lymphocyte type. B cells have a better prognostic then T cell tumors, grade of disease, location.

62
Q

Describe allergies to cats

A

Type one hypersensitivity and humans. Five cat allergens are described. Two major allergens are Fel D1 and Fel D4.

63
Q

What is F EL D1 secreted by

A

The sebaceous glands of the cat

64
Q

What is F EL D4 secreted by

A

The submandibular salivary gland and is deposited onto dander as the cat grooms itself

65
Q

What are the symptoms of allergies to cats

A

Swollen, red, itchy and watery eyes. Nasal congestion, itchy nose, sneezing, itchy throat, coughing, wheezing

66
Q

How do you cope with allergies

A

Clean carpets regularly, air purifier system, frequent handwashing, limit access to rooms

67
Q

What can you do to the cat to help with the allergines

A

Bathing the cat regularly. Brushing to reduce amount of loose fur. Feeding the cat a high-quality diet with plenty of omega-3 fatty acids to keep a healthy coat.

68
Q

Are hypoallergenic cats non allergenic

A

No. Less likely to provoke an allergic reaction. Very controversial

69
Q

Which cats are considered hypoallergenic

A

Siberian cats, Devon Rex, Cornish Rex, Abyssinian, Bailey knees, Oriental shorthair, Russian blue

70
Q

What some special things about allergens with gender and color

A

Female cats produce lower levels of allergens than males. Neutered males produce lower levels than for tile mills. Dark colored cats may produce more allergens than light colored cats

Microbiology And Immunology 2 (23 decks)

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