Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VMS4007 > Uk Wildlife Rehabilitation 1 > Flashcards

Uk Wildlife Rehabilitation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is wildlife rehab?

A

“Wildlife rehabilitation is the treatment and
care of a sick, injured or orphaned wild animal
and its preparation for release to a successful
life back in the wild. “

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who is involved in wildlife rehab?

A
  1. LArge professional rehab centres
  2. Small centres/’backyard’ rehab
  3. Vet practices
  4. members of public
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are vets obligated to help wildlife?

A

YES. Provide first aid which may be euthanasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How to refer for rehab?

A

duty of care regarding where being sent - visit if poss
contact them first & send clinical notes +//_ transfer form?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does Schedule 5 Wildlife and Countryside Act say on protected species?

A

all native birds listed others
Cannot be killed, taken or kept (unless vet care needed or u have a license)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does Schedule 9 plus Invalive Alien Specie order (species who can’t be released) of Countryside act - what does it state?

A

Makes it illegal to release non-native wild animals
Some are native but cannot be re-released

Eg Grey squirrel, muntjac deer
(A few species can be released with a license) Eg. Canada goose, Chinese water deer,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give an example of species-specific legislation.

A

Badger Act - license needed for marking including microchipping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does Medicine Regulations say?

A

○ Should not use OOD drugs, storage, stock
control ect.
● If you are providing for small rehabilitators you are
responsible for legislative compliance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What about food producing speies?

A
  • Are some general licenses for hunting birds (wood pigeon)
  • WP 28 d usually
  • Lifetime withdrawal ‘do not eat’ ear tags
  • Must have MRL in a food prod species (cannot use metronidazole)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What admissions are preventable?

A
  • picking up litter
  • responsibly using fishing equipment
    -keeping netting in good condition & removing when not needed
  • Care on roads
  • cats indoor at night
  • Good bird feeder hygiene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List what zoonotic dx risks with what wildlife

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What PPE should be worn?

A
  1. Always wear gloves and maintain good hand hygiene
  2. Aprons
  3. Face masks when respiratory pathogens are a
    significant risk (psittacosis- see next time).
    FFP3 masks give the highest level of protection
  4. Additional PPE where relevant for avian influenza- see
    later.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What animals don’t need to be admitted?

A

IF NOT INJURED:
- Fledgling birds
- Fawns and leverets
- Weaned fox cubs
- Hedgehogs out at nighttime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to go about Triage?

A
  • Determine wether tx indicated or just euthanase
  • Assess as priority
  • Assess prior to referral to wildlife rehab
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What factors to consider during triage?

A
  • Injuries
  • Infectious dx
  • Resources
  • Legislation
  • Migration
    -Bhvr
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe injuries

A
  1. Is it likely to survive? (emaciation indication for euthanasia)
  2. Is it likely to be fully functional -> all limbs full function, all senses intact, capable of reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe infectious dx consideration

A
  • Is it likely to fully recover? e..G myxomatosis
  • Is it a serious zoonotic risk? e.G. lepto
  • Is it a serious infectious risk to other mammals? e.g. PMV in pigeons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ResourceS?

A
  • Can this animal be cared for until the point of release?
  • Is there sufficient staff time to prove care?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Legislation?

A

can this animal legally be released? (grey squirrel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Migration?

A

if migrating species, will it be fit for release in time?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which species MUST BE RETURNED TO territory at release?

A

Foxes, badgers, hedgehogs, bats, birds of prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is involved in initial tx?

A
  • Fluids
  • analgesia
  • Are AMs needed?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe fluid admin?

A
  • Voluntary intake
  • Oral gavage in birds
  • Subcutaneous in small
    mammals, sometimes large
    mammals and birds
  • IV in collapsed foxes/
    badgers/ deer/ larger birds
  • Oral tubing in seals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Analgesia?

A

If would provide analgesia to
a companion species with
this injury, should do so with
wildlife.
● Ensure fluids provided
alongside NSAIDs and care if
severely dehydrated/
shocked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are AMs indicated?

A

● Animals caught by predatorparticularly catted birds.
● Infected wounds.
● Should not be given as
blanket treatments
(are exceptions where large
numbers of animals and
parasite infections can be
devastating)

26
Q

how should they be housed?

A
  • Quiet as poss
  • Provide cover/ hides
  • Perches for birds (tail guard on raptors)
27
Q

What common feed for wildlife?

A

○ Foxes/ badgers- dog or cat wet food plus biscuits
○ Hedgehogs- cat food (not fish) or hedgehog diets
○ Rabbits- provide fresh greens, rabbit pellets
○ Small rodents- proprietary foods
○ Bats- small mealworms

28
Q

Commo, feed for birds?

A

○ Pigeons- seed mix
○ Passerines- variable
■ granivores- seed mixes (care not shelled or
excessively large
- most passerines can’t open).
■ insectivores
- live mealworms, suet, insectivore mixes
eg prosecto/ fat robin mix ideal but not always easy to
find. Fine unhusked/ milled seed mixes designed for
these species. Cat food only in very short term.
○ Birds of prey
- chicks/ mice (if not available tube feed A/d or
emeraid).
○ Waterfowl
- greens and proprietary food/ mixed corn.
○ Gulls
- fish (cat food only in emergency
- leads to poor feather
growth)

29
Q

General approach to fractures?

A

Universally poor pg for all species if:
- Open fracture
- Joint fracture
- Multiple fractures
- Healing/ healed malaligned fractures
- Beak/jaw fractures
- Spinal fractures/ injury
- Non ambulatory pelvic fractures, any pelvic fracture in females

30
Q

Wounds - what common indications for euthanasia?

A
  • Exposed viscera
  • Severe large wounds
  • Permanent restriction of limb mov
  • Ligament/tendon tears
  • LBindness/ loss of other senses
  • Significant loss of pectoral muscle mass
  • Significant wounds of the propatagium in birds
31
Q

What general approach to wounds?

A
  • Cleaning ) wait until animals has calmed - may need GA
  • Dressings can be used but not always tolerated
  • Preventing interference can be challenging
  • Wounds can be closed with tissue glue conscious, suturing under GA in all species
  • Need for Am similar to domestic species in principle
32
Q

What frequently used diagnostics in wildlife?

A
  • Radiography
  • In house faecal testing (wet prep smears and zinc sulphate float)
  • In house dermatophyte cultures
  • Sellotape prep for mites
33
Q

Occasionally used diagnostics?

A
  • US rare
  • Blood tests
  • C/S
34
Q

What types of release available?

A
  • Hard release -> no aftercare, suitable for the majority of animals
  • Soft release -> often used for juveniles (support provided)
35
Q

Location of releasE?

A
  • Territorial species returned to their original location
36
Q

Timing of release?

A
  • Migraitons
  • Weather/ seasons. Hedgehogs can be released in winter
  • Time of day appropriate for species (e;g evening if nocturnal, morning for diurnal)
37
Q

What common presentations of Hedgehogs?

A
  1. Too small to hibernate (need to be roughly 600g by Nov for hibernation
  2. Gardening injuries and traffic accidents
  3. Entrapment
38
Q

Note on hedgehogs out during the day (OOD) ?

A
  • Indication that individual is struggling and needs assessment
  • Except in spring/ summer may see pregnant or recently parous females in day time
39
Q

How to examine hedgehog?

A

Wheel borrowing technique
GA if won’t uncurl after 24h or immediately concerned about injuries

also GA to:
- look in mouth
- to anything uncomfortable
- radiography
- euthanasia

40
Q

Describe faeal samples in hedgehogs?

A
  • Ideally 3 day pooled but will see most infections on single sample
  • Basic smear & flotation
  • All autumn juveniles, other if clinical suspicion
41
Q

What parasites do hedgehogs get?

A
  1. Crenosoma larvae
  2. Capillaria species (respiratory and GI)
  3. Fluke (Brachylamus)- can cause hyperactivity due to GI
    pain.
  4. Occasionally see coccidia- associated with diarrhea
42
Q

What is also a common cause of GI symptoms in hedgehogs?

A

Salmonellosis> green faeces with blood, inappetence and weight loss

43
Q

Which Skin disease most common in hedgehogs?

A
  1. Mites = Caparina spp
  2. Ringworm
44
Q

Describe hedgehog mites?

A

● Surface mite, are visible with naked eye, easily seen on
sellotape preparation test (unstained).
● Usually thick scabs, particularly on head and legs.
● Treatment eg ivermectin 3 x weekly doses

45
Q

Describe Ringworm?

A

● Up to 30% carry but commonly becomes clinically
significant (…can be secondary to mites).
● Can do in house dermatophyte culture.
● Trichophyton spp., do not fluoresce with Wood’s lamp
● Scurfy skin, spine and hair loss mainly over dorsal and
ventral body. Can have scabs.
● Treatment preferably with oral terbinafine in food
-
formularies says BID, SID will normally work

46
Q

Overall treatment of hedgehogs - how to?

A
  • Give meds SC, oral difficult
  • Fluids SC
  • Parasites -> Levamisole
    High dose sc ivermectin / topical moxidectin
    Oral fenbendazole
    Lungworm -> supportive care also
47
Q

Wound tx in hedgehogs?

A
  • Assess wounds under Ga,sometimes even large wounds can be sutured and heal well
  • Cut spines with scissors to close skin
  • Very mobile skin, be aware will be tension when curl up
  • Must be able to curl up after healing
48
Q

What common presentations in Foxes & Badgers?

A
  • RTA
  • Entrapment
  • Illness (jaundice or sarcoptic mange in foxes)
  • Conspecific aggression
49
Q

What conspecific aggression do we see?

A
  • Bite wounds common in foxes
  • Severe conspecific woudns common in badgers (rump and ears) indicate rejection from sett:
    1. Young males naturally dispersing - if otherwise healthy release in same area)
    2. Old individuals will not reintegrate - euthanasia kinder
50
Q

Common presentation: Lone cups?

A
  • If eyes/ ears closed shoudl not be above ground
  • Weaned ubs may be exploring - parents often around
  • Often can be reunited if have been picked up
  • Cubs must be grouped - lone cups become tame very easily
51
Q

Medication in Foxes & Badgers?

A

At dog dosages
- Once stable can medicate sith food - Often put into IV if very ill but remove as soon as active

52
Q

IM sedation in Foxes & Badgers?

A

● Foxes 0.04mg/kg medetomidine, 0.4mg/kg butorphanol
● Badgers 0.04mg/kg medetomidine, 5mg/ kg ketamine

53
Q

Describe sarcoptic mange in foxes?

A

● Only mild to moderate cases treatable.
● Diagnosis usually on clinical signs, could do skin scrapes
● 3 x weekly ivermectin (sc or po) 0.2mg/kg
● Bravecto orally works very well.
● No bathing- not necessary.
● Treat secondary infection if needed.

54
Q

How to deal with bovine TB in Bedgers?

A
  • In higher risk areas consider wearing a mask
  • Clinical suspicion need euthanasia
  • Adults not routinely tested
  • Cubs 3 x serologicall blood test a month apart prior to release
  • can be vaccinated badge BCG vacc after final blood test
55
Q

Common presentations of small rodents/ rabbits?

A
  • CAT ATTACKS
  • Entrapment
  • Rabbits - myxomatosis
56
Q

Common presentations of bats?

A
  • Cat attacks
  • Trapped in buildings
  • found grounded
57
Q

What species of bats seen?

A
  • Many species majorily Pipistrelle, next most common Brown Long eared
58
Q

What dx of bats?

A

European Bat Lyssavirus (1 & 2)
- Some seropositives mainly scotland
all staff handlign bats should have rabies vacc & wear gloves

59
Q

Notes on other Species?

A
60
Q

Rearing juvenile mammals?

A

● Bottle feeding at comparable intervals, toileting needed.
● Commercial milk replacers used (RC products for many
species, lamlac for deer).
● Very time consuming.
● Provide warmth
● Hydrate before start feeding
● For all must prevent taming- handling ONLY when feeding.
>Creching essential for foxes and badgers
>All other will do best in group- consider referral
● Pinkies of all species poor prognosis- consider euthanasia.
● Note baby bats are extremely challenging

VMS4007 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions