Disease surveillance

Question 1

Disease Surveillance: one health concepts

Answer 1

Question 2

What is a reservoir?

Answer 2

‘one or more epidemiologically connected populations or environments in which the pathogen can be permanently maintained and from which infection is transmitted to the defined target population

Question 3

Example of reservoir concept

Answer 3

if you get rid of rabies dogs -> rabies humans will go away (A)

(B)-> Bats -> Small populations alone won’t maintain it -> swarming between populations maintains it

C. -> Two potential reservoirs one is maintained and the other is not -> Nipavirus

Question 4

Example of Ebola? What is the reservoir?

Answer 4

• Regular outbreaks in Gabon/DR congo
• Also sudan & equatorial Guinea
• Often linked ot eating bushmeat -> gorillas, chimpanees, & duiker?
• Death in wildlife used to alert authorities, but unclear wether they were reservoir
  BATS WERE asymmptomatic -> they were the reserovoir

Question 5

EXample 2: Nipah virus?

Answer 5

Bats main reservoir but bats were infecting the pigs by dropping food

Can go from bats to people with drinking palm syrup but no intermediate host

Also human to human transmission

Question 6

West nile virus?

Answer 6

Mosquitos bite different hosts
- Wide host range
- Susceptibility & dx variable in avian species
- Horses - 10% infected horses present neurological disorders low viraemia

NOTIFIABLE IN UK HORSES

Question 7

WNV surveillance ?

Answer 7

AHPA surveillance in UK but not all areas covered if not enough bird catchers
also COST -< wait for horses to get ill??

Question 8

Solution for West nile virus prevention?

Answer 8

MIXED approach

Question 9

Rabbies?

Answer 9

Zoonotic dx and animals reservoirs

APHA human and and animal rabies diagnostics in UK

Question 10

Challenges of Rabies in Azerbaijan?

Answer 10

• Large free roaming dog population, esp in rural areas
• Burden of rabies unknown
• Perception of wildlife reservoir (despite 9/10 cases acquired from dog) -
• Source and spread unknown