Primates Flashcards
What are the different taxonomies fo primates?
- Prosimians
- New world Monkeys
- ercopithecidae / old world monkeys
- Apes
Who does prosimians include? important features?
- Lemurs and lorises
- Tooth combs
Who does new wold monkeys include? important features?
- Callitrichids: Marmosets and
Tamarins - Capuchins, howler monkeys, spider
monkeys, woolly monkeys - Vitamin D
- UV light
Macaques and Guenons (& baboons) important features?
- Cheek pouches
- oonotic disease: herpes V from macaques
Who do Colobines include? Features ?
- Colobus
- Langurs
- Foliovores, adapted stomachs
Apes - include who? what features?
- Gibbons & great apes
- Zoonotic dx
Describe primates in captivity
- Intelligent
- omnivorous
- Group living
- Mostly arboreal
- Mostly single infants
- Long infancy, long lives
Nutrition of primates?
- Omnivores (e.g. macaques)
- Folivores (e.g. colobine group)
- Vit D for New world monkeys
- UV lights for tamarins and marmosets
Typical diets?
- fresh veg / leaves
- commercial pellets
- supplemental protein or enrichment items (eggs,
insects)
What issues can arise from food?
- Social issues - bulling, selective feeding
- Variety?
- Food presentation
Bhvr for primates?
- Social
- Complex changing environemnt
- Prone to stereotypies if needs not met
What can enrichment include?
- Enclosure design, complex/ challenging
- Company - conspecifics or mixed species
- Novel items
- Presentation of food (scatter feeding, hidden, hanging browse, muzzle feeders, novel items)
Traning?
- Positive reinforcement
- Reduces steess of procedures
- Reduces need to GA & safer
EXample for training primates?
- Entering transport box
- Hand injection
- Phlebotomy
- For examination
- For specific procedure
- Recall to shed
Clinical approach to drugs?
- Nothing is licensed
- Follow cascade
- Human drugs after vet drugs
Describe contraception in Primates?
- Seasonal breeders (e.g. lemurs) –
separate sexes - Surgical
- Implants – deslorelin, etonogestrel
- Oral – human contraceptive pill for
great apes - IUDs - chimpanzees
Inpatient care considerations for primates?
- Intravenous fluids
- Cephalic/saphenous
- Bandage well
- Stress levels
- Enrichment
- How long can they be
separated from the
group?
What are soem common conditions in Primates?
- Infectious disease: Entamoeba histolytica
- Yersinia psuedotuberculosis
- Tuberculosis
- Diabetes mellitus
- Dysbiosis/bloat
- Social issues
Describe Entamoeba histolytica ?
- anaerobic dysentry
- Gi dx
- Liver or other abscesses
Dx & Tx Entamoeba haemolytica
Dx: faecal smaple/ Us of abscess
Tx: Metronidazole & intensive care
- Diloxanide or paromomycin for asymptomatic infections
Describe yersinia pseudotuberculosis/ enterocolitica?
- Acute death
- Liver/ gut lesions
- Faecal samples or at autopsy
-> rodent contorl
- Vaccination
Describe Tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bovis, microti
- Granulomatous leisons in lungs
- M.BOVIS -> NOTIFIABLE
What testing for TB?
- Intradermal skin testing
- Interferon gamma testing
- PME
Risk factors & signs of Diabetes mellitus in primates?
- Risk factors-> Diet, obesity, hereditary
- PU/PD, weight loss
Dx for diabetes?
- Blood glucose
- Fructosamine
- Urinalysis
Tx for Diabetes?
- Metformin and oral hypoglycaemics
- Insulin injections
Describe Dysbiosis/ Bloat in primates?
- Colobus, langurs, leaf monkeys
- Care with antibiotics!
Describe social issues?
- Conspecific conflict, injury
- Bullying
- Selective feeding
- Separation from group
What zoonotic diseases from primates?
- Herpes B (macaques)
- Hepatitis B (gibbons)
- Retroviruses, other viruses
- Bacteria
- Protozoa
Describe restraint/ handling ?
- Training
- Manual restraint
- Crush tunnels/boxes
- Netting
- Darting (blowdart, dartgun)
Considerations of GA in primates?
- GA depth required for procedure
- Positioning
- Move animal?
- Monitoring
- Stress levels of animal
- Facilities for induction and
recovery
Induction/ short procedures?
- Starving times
- Pre-med?
- Medetomidine + ketamine
- Zoletil + medetomidine
- Medetomidine + Midazolam +
Butorphanol - Induction chamber
Intubation?
- Dorsal recumbency
- Local anaesthetic spray (intubeze)
- Length of ETT
- Howler monkeys -> hyloid bone care
Special considerations of anaesthesia?
- Cheek pouches!
- Positioning -> large or overweight animals ;colobines with large stomachs
- Regurgitation - colobines
- Small primates
What pre-preparation for necropsy?
CARE ZOONOTIC RISK!
* Ventilation
* Fume cupboard
* Outside
* PPE: FFP3 facemasks, gloves,
goggles, overalls
* Any additional regulations (e.g.
post-import quarantine)?
Preparing for Necropsy?
- History (Id, signalment, toD,medical H)
- Equipment(scales, blades, sample pots, recording ..)
External exam in necropsy?
- Identification: microchip, tattoos
- Coat or hair
- Dental disease
- Trauma
- Body condition
Approach to necropsy ?
- Position the carcass
- Work through the organs
systematically - Examine them in situ before
removing for closer exam/sampling
Abdo & thoracic organs on necropsy?
Abdominal organs
* Liver, kidneys, spleen, GIT, reproductive
organs, bladder, lymph nodes
* Ingesta
Thoracic organs
* Trachea, lungs, heart, pericardium,
mediastinum
* Diaphragm – negative pressure
what other systems to asses?
Musculoskeletal system
* Joints
Neurological system
What sampling might we want to do on necropsy?
Formalin samples
* Major organs
* Abnormal tissue or lesions
* Brain
Swabs, body fluids, frozen tissue
Genetic analysis – ethanol, hair
Blood/serum
- Notifiable diseases
