Primates Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different taxonomies fo primates?
A
- Prosimians
- New world Monkeys
- ercopithecidae / old world monkeys
- Apes
2
Q
Who does prosimians include? important features?
A
- Lemurs and lorises
- Tooth combs
3
Q
Who does new wold monkeys include? important features?
A
- Callitrichids: Marmosets and
Tamarins - Capuchins, howler monkeys, spider
monkeys, woolly monkeys - Vitamin D
- UV light
4
Q
Macaques and Guenons (& baboons) important features?
A
- Cheek pouches
- oonotic disease: herpes V from macaques
5
Q
Who do Colobines include? Features ?
A
- Colobus
- Langurs
- Foliovores, adapted stomachs
6
Q
Apes - include who? what features?
A
- Gibbons & great apes
- Zoonotic dx
7
Q
Describe primates in captivity
A
- Intelligent
- omnivorous
- Group living
- Mostly arboreal
- Mostly single infants
- Long infancy, long lives
8
Q
Nutrition of primates?
A
- Omnivores (e.g. macaques)
- Folivores (e.g. colobine group)
- Vit D for New world monkeys
- UV lights for tamarins and marmosets
9
Q
Typical diets?
A
- fresh veg / leaves
- commercial pellets
- supplemental protein or enrichment items (eggs,
insects)
10
Q
What issues can arise from food?
A
- Social issues - bulling, selective feeding
- Variety?
- Food presentation
11
Q
Bhvr for primates?
A
- Social
- Complex changing environemnt
- Prone to stereotypies if needs not met
12
Q
What can enrichment include?
A
- Enclosure design, complex/ challenging
- Company - conspecifics or mixed species
- Novel items
- Presentation of food (scatter feeding, hidden, hanging browse, muzzle feeders, novel items)
13
Q
Traning?
A
- Positive reinforcement
- Reduces steess of procedures
- Reduces need to GA & safer
14
Q
EXample for training primates?
A
- Entering transport box
- Hand injection
- Phlebotomy
- For examination
- For specific procedure
- Recall to shed
15
Q
Clinical approach to drugs?
A
- Nothing is licensed
- Follow cascade
- Human drugs after vet drugs
16
Q
Describe contraception in Primates?
A
- Seasonal breeders (e.g. lemurs) –
separate sexes - Surgical
- Implants – deslorelin, etonogestrel
- Oral – human contraceptive pill for
great apes - IUDs - chimpanzees
17
Q
Inpatient care considerations for primates?
A
- Intravenous fluids
- Cephalic/saphenous
- Bandage well
- Stress levels
- Enrichment
- How long can they be
separated from the
group?
18
Q
What are soem common conditions in Primates?
A
- Infectious disease: Entamoeba histolytica
- Yersinia psuedotuberculosis
- Tuberculosis
- Diabetes mellitus
- Dysbiosis/bloat
- Social issues
19
Q
Describe Entamoeba histolytica ?
A
- anaerobic dysentry
- Gi dx
- Liver or other abscesses
20
Q
Dx & Tx Entamoeba haemolytica
A
Dx: faecal smaple/ Us of abscess
Tx: Metronidazole & intensive care
- Diloxanide or paromomycin for asymptomatic infections
21
Q
Describe yersinia pseudotuberculosis/ enterocolitica?
A
- Acute death
- Liver/ gut lesions
- Faecal samples or at autopsy
-> rodent contorl
- Vaccination
22
Q
Describe Tuberculosis
A
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bovis, microti
- Granulomatous leisons in lungs
- M.BOVIS -> NOTIFIABLE
23
Q
What testing for TB?
A
- Intradermal skin testing
- Interferon gamma testing
- PME
24
Q
Risk factors & signs of Diabetes mellitus in primates?
A
- Risk factors-> Diet, obesity, hereditary
- PU/PD, weight loss
25
Dx for diabetes?
* Blood glucose
* Fructosamine
* Urinalysis
26
Tx for Diabetes?
* Metformin and oral hypoglycaemics
* Insulin injections
27
Describe Dysbiosis/ Bloat in primates?
- Colobus, langurs, leaf monkeys
- Care with antibiotics!
28
Describe social issues?
* Conspecific conflict, injury
* Bullying
* Selective feeding
* Separation from group
29
What zoonotic diseases from primates?
* Herpes B (macaques)
* Hepatitis B (gibbons)
* Retroviruses, other viruses
* Bacteria
* Protozoa
30
Describe restraint/ handling ?
* Training
* Manual restraint
* Crush tunnels/boxes
* Netting
* Darting (blowdart, dartgun)
31
Considerations of GA in primates?
* GA depth required for procedure
* Positioning
* Move animal?
* Monitoring
* Stress levels of animal
* Facilities for induction and
recovery
32
Induction/ short procedures?
* Starving times
* Pre-med?
* Medetomidine + ketamine
* Zoletil + medetomidine
* Medetomidine + Midazolam +
Butorphanol
- Induction chamber
33
Intubation?
- Dorsal recumbency
- Local anaesthetic spray (intubeze)
- Length of ETT
- Howler monkeys -> hyloid bone care
34
Special considerations of anaesthesia?
- Cheek pouches!
- Positioning -> large or overweight animals ;colobines with large stomachs
- Regurgitation - colobines
- Small primates
35
What pre-preparation for necropsy?
CARE ZOONOTIC RISK!
* Ventilation
* Fume cupboard
* Outside
* PPE: FFP3 facemasks, gloves,
goggles, overalls
* Any additional regulations (e.g.
post-import quarantine)?
36
Preparing for Necropsy?
- History (Id, signalment, toD,medical H)
- Equipment(scales, blades, sample pots, recording ..)
37
External exam in necropsy?
* Identification: microchip, tattoos
* Coat or hair
* Dental disease
* Trauma
* Body condition
38
Approach to necropsy ?
* Position the carcass
* Work through the organs
systematically
* Examine them in situ before
removing for closer exam/sampling
39
Abdo & thoracic organs on necropsy?
Abdominal organs
* Liver, kidneys, spleen, GIT, reproductive
organs, bladder, lymph nodes
* Ingesta
Thoracic organs
* Trachea, lungs, heart, pericardium,
mediastinum
* Diaphragm – negative pressure
40
what other systems to asses?
Musculoskeletal system
* Joints
Neurological system
41
What sampling might we want to do on necropsy?
Formalin samples
* Major organs
* Abnormal tissue or lesions
* Brain
Swabs, body fluids, frozen tissue
Genetic analysis – ethanol, hair
Blood/serum
* Notifiable diseases
42
