Principle of Anaesthesia & euthanasia of wildlife

Question 1

Restraint for cooperative animals?

Answer 1

• Bhvr restraint
• Manual restraint
• Mechanical restraint

-Oral/ transmucosal delivery
- Handheld injection
- Pole synringe

Question 2

Remote drug delivery can be done via? &

Answer 2

Explosive powered darts or pressurised gas darts from either gas powered or gunpowder cartridge Rifles

or blowpipes

Question 3

Describe how air activated mechanisms work?

Answer 3

• On impact silicone seal is displaced exposing a port on the side of needle
• Plunger pushed forward by air pressure
• Drug is injected
• Less velocity, less trauma
• Short ranges

Question 4

Describe explosive charge mechanisms

Answer 4

• Explosive caps used to displace a plastic plunger → drug discharge* Tissue trauma ++
• Injection on well-muscled areas

Question 5

Immobilisation failure can be due to?

Answer 5

• Operator failure - fail to hit target
• Dart failure: explosive cgrge not fire, needle blocked, plunger stuck, cold ambient temp
• Drug failure: placement, syringe interaction, environment (potency change), dose or drug choice

Question 6

Which pharmacological options ?

Answer 6

• ultra potent opioids
• ketamine
• tiletamine zolazepam
• alpha 2

Question 7

Describe the ultra potent opioids?

Answer 7

• Etorphine
• Carfentanil
• Thiafentanyl

Potency ++, rapid onset, antagonist available, analgesia

Question 8

AEs of Ultra Potent Opioids?

Answer 8

• Respiratory Depression
• Muscle Rigidity
• Reduced physiological response to hypoxaemia/hypercapnia
• Vasoconstriction (systemic and pulmonary)
• Regurgitation/vomiting

Question 9

Describe neuroleptanalgesia?

Answer 9

Ultra potent Opioids + Sedatives (ACP, Azaperone, alpha 2)

Synergistic effect
Dec side ffects

Question 10

What commercially available drug combo?

Answer 10

• LArge animal immobilon, Novartis = (etorphine + ACP)

Question 11

Descirbe use of Dissociative anaesthetic?

Answer 11

Question 12

What antagonists do we have?

Answer 12

Opioids:
- Naltrexone (long acting)
- Naloxone (short duration)
- Diprenorphine (partial agonist)

Benzos: Flumazenil

alpha 2: Atipamezole

RISKS: Re-narc

Question 13

Complications related to capture?

Answer 13

• Physical trauma
• Vomiting/Regurgitation → Aspiration
• Bloat
• Hyperthermia
• Hypothermia → Prolonged recovery, acidosis, coagulopathies, arrhythmias …* Exertional Myopathy
• Respiratory depression & hypoxaemia
• Mortality

Question 14

FACTORS to myoC ischaemia?

Answer 14

Question 15

What Pharma methods for euthanasia?

Answer 15

**- Barbutirates(IV)
- Opioids (IV or IM) **
- Carbon monoxide (inhaled)
- NeuroM blocking agent
- Potassium chloride
- Local anaesthetics

Question 16

What phyical euthanasia methods?

Answer 16

• Gunshot
• Permanent stunning
• Cervical Dislocation
• Pithing
• Decapitation
• Exsanguination