Atriodactyl

Question 1

What is the order for Artiodactyls?

Answer 1

Atriodactyla (or certartiodactyla)

Question 2

What are Artriodactyl?

Answer 2

• Even toed ungulates
• Ruminants, suids, hippos, camelids/pseudo-ruminants
• Does NOT include equids, tapir, rhinos

Question 3

Nutriton of Atriodacyls?

Answer 3

• Browers
• Grazers
• Omnivores
• Trace elements and mineral requirements
• UV/Vit D
• Vit E/ Selenium
• Afffects hoof growth

Question 4

Bhvr of Atriodactyls?

Answer 4

• MEthod of feeding affects bhvr
• Prey species -> stress, hide symptoms, respond by running away, herd animals
• Capacity for domestication & training

Question 5

What Bhvr/environment rq?

Answer 5

• Pigs: rooting materials/ ground
• Deer: rubbing posts or trees for antler velvet
• Giraffids: enough browse
• Herd stands for hoof wear in antelopes

Question 6

Describe training of Atriodactyls?

Answer 6

• Operant conditioning
• Reduces stress of procedure, & need for GA
• Enrichment?

Important for hoof care, entering box/trailer, hand injection, blodo draws

Question 7

what purpose of enrichment?

Answer 7

• Stimulate natural bhvr
• Reduce stereotypies & boredom
• Improve welfare

Question 8

Enrichment considerations?

Answer 8

• Enclosure design: complex or changing
• Company - conspecifics or mixed spcies
• Presentation of food
• ‘toys’

Question 9

What 5 categories of enrichment to consider?

Answer 9

• Social
• cognitive
• Physical habitat
• Sensory
• Food

Question 10

what preventative medicine & planning ?

Answer 10

*ID of individuals, vet records
* Vaccinations
* Pasture management
*Import procedures
* Regular or opportunistic
disease testing (incl parasite
checks)
Preventative medicine and planning
* Nutrition
* Hoofcare
* Breeding plan
* Training
* Enrichment
* Facilities for ill
animals, quarantine

Question 11

What monitoring of preventative medicine can we do?

Answer 11

• Keeper checks
• Record keeping – software such as ZIMS
  *Neonatal checks
• Body condition monitoring

Question 12

Internal parasites?

Answer 12

• Wide range
• Testing protocol
• Tx if pos
• Rotate wormers
• Parasite burdens for wild ro rewilded animals

Question 13

Vaccinations?

Answer 13

• Assess risk and benefit? all off label
• Clostridial vaccines
  -HAemonchus contortus
  Johne’s dx

Question 14

Contraception ?

Answer 14

-Based on studbook recommendations
- EAZA reprod management group collect data

• seasonal breeders -separate them
• Castration or vasectomy
• Implants (deslorelin) for females
• Improvac immunocontraception - giraffe males
• Oral (regumate)

Question 15

Pre-import testing?

Answer 15

• Source
• Dx free declarations
• Pre-import testing for infectious dx
• Pre-import health screen

Question 16

Common conditions?

Answer 16

• Trauma (intra or inter-specific aggression or enclosure)
• Abscesses
• PArasites
• Hoof issues

Question 17

Describe abscesses?

Answer 17

• ‘lumpy jaw’ dx
• Abscesses secondary to trauma
• Dental abscesses

Question 18

why can we get hoof issues?

Answer 18

• Nutritional imbalances
• Inappropriate substrate

Question 19

Neonate issues?

Answer 19

• Hypothermia
• Failure to feed
• Mismothering
• Sepsis

Question 20

Detail clinical approach to artiodacyls?

Answer 20

• Species knowledge
• Individual and group history
• Environment, diet, social groupings
• Visual examination
• Non-invasive sampling – faecals,
  urine
• Clinical examination +/- blood
  samples – if possible
• Consider symptomatic treatment
• GA for further diagnostic workup

Question 21

What options for restraint?

Answer 21

• Training
• Manual restraint
• Boarding
• Crush or tamer
• Standing sedation
• General anaesthetic

Question 22

Cause of Capture myopathy?

Answer 22

• Exertion
• Hyperthermia
• Stress
• Poor nutritional status

Question 23

CLS & pathophysiology of capture myopathy?

Answer 23

• stiffness, weakness, tremors, ataxia, lameness, rapid breathing, dark red urine

Rhabdomyolysis -> myoglobinuria -> AKi -> Death

onset hours-days

Question 24

What complications can we get in ruminants?

Answer 24

• Regurg / aspiration
• Bloat

Risk factors:
- Positioning
- Consider intubation
- Anaesthetic length

Question 25

What zoonoses to consider ?

Answer 25

(similar to farm)

• Bovine TB
• Bacterial GI
• Ringworm
• Orf
• Toxoplasma
• Brucella
• ANthrax
• Rabies

Question 26

Aims of a necropsy?

Answer 26

• Diagnosis
• Incidental / concurrent dx
• Collect data
• Collect samples
• Comply with legislation

Question 27

Necropsy prep?

Answer 27

• History (ID & signalment, time of death, enclosure/ area, medical H)
• Equipment (sales, blades PPE, sample pots)
  WEIGH the carcass

Question 28

Necropsy - external exam?

Answer 28

• • Identification: microchip, ear tags
• Coat or hair
• Dental disease
• Trauma
• Body condition
• Scavenger damage
• Autolysis, fly eggs, maggots etc.

Question 29

How to go through the necropsy?

Answer 29

• Position the carcass
• Work through the organs systematically
• Examine them in situ before removing for closer exam/sampling

Question 30

What things to look for in body systems?

Answer 30

• Abdominal organs->
  Liver, kidneys, spleen, GIT, reproductive organs,
  bladder, lymph nodes
  -> Ingesta
• Thoracic organs-> Trachea, lungs, heart, pericardium, mediastinum
  > Diaphragm – negative pressure
• Musculoskeletal system-> Joints

*Neurological system

Question 31

Sampling for Necropsy?

Answer 31

• Formalin samples (major organs, abnormal tissues or lesions & brain)
• Swabs, body fluids, frozen tissue
• Genetic analysis (ethanol, hair)
• Blood/serum