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VMS4007 > NTCA medicine - Birds > Flashcards

NTCA medicine - Birds Flashcards

1
Q

General considerations/ approach

A

+ Husbandry will not be covered in this lecture
+ Fairly similar needs for each species
+ Longer consult needed
+ Take detailed husbandry history
+ Adequate equipment in practice
+ Only pet birds covered in this lecture
+ Mainly psittacines
+ Most common species are focused on

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2
Q

Describe chronic malnutrition?

A
  • usually due to a seed diet
  • Can lead to deficiencies esp vitA & C & Ca
  • Seed diets also cause obesity & hepatic lipidosis (coelomic distention, dyspnoea)
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3
Q

Dx & Tx of chronic malnutrition?

A
  • Dx: enlarged hepatic silhouette and artherosclerosis on Xray
  • Tx: gradually transition to pellected diet, supplements, fluids, milk thistle
    -Px: adequate diet, husbandry
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4
Q

Describe hypovit A?

A

+ Usually caused by seed diet
+ Can lead to immunosuppression, poor feathering,
squamous metaplasia of the epithelium and
keratinisation of mucous membranes - blunted
choanal papillae
+ Thus can predispose to various infections and
respiratory disease

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5
Q

Dx/ Tx of hypovit A?

A

+ Diagnosis usually based on clinical signs
+ Treatment – transition to appropriate diet/start
supplementation first

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6
Q

Hypocalcaemia?

A

+ Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
+ Hypocalcaemia is common in African Greys with
seizures and tremors seen
+ Susceptible to pathological fractures, dystocia,
abnormal eggs

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7
Q

Dx, Tx, Px of HypoCa?

A

+ Diagnosis: radiographs, blood levels of calcium
or based on history
+ Treatment: supplementation, adequate diet,
provide UV-B lighting
+ Prevention: as above

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8
Q

Resp anatomy of birds?

A

+ Glottis at base of tongue – most large parrot
species easy to intubate
+ Choanal slit at roof of mouth
+ Trachea – complete rings of cartilage
+ Syrinx – vocal organ at bifurcation of trachea
+ Semi-rigid lungs and air sacs acting as
bellows
+ No diaphragm
+ Pneumatic bones

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9
Q

Why do we see resp dx?

A

+ Often husbandry related
+ Hypovitaminosis A will predispose
+ Opportunistic infections
+ Rhinoliths and sinusitis

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10
Q

Describe rhinoliths & sinusitis?

A

+ Sneezing, nasal and ocular discharge, sinus
swellings
+ Removal of rhinolith, culture and cytology, nasal
flushing plus bloods and x-rays, aspiration and
lavage
+ Treatment usually antibiotics, anti-inflammatories

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11
Q

What other things can cause dyspnoea in birds?

A

+ Organomegaly, eggs, ascites, obesity, coelomitis,
cardiac disease

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12
Q

What toxins cause rep dx ?

A

Toxins eg Teflon from a pan
+Releases toxins when heated that cause pulmonary oedema
+Often acute death
+Diagnosis based on history, clinical presentation, radiographs
+Supp tx: oxygen, steroids, antibiotics

Aerosol sprays, plug-ins, smoking

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13
Q

What zoonotic infectiosu agent can cause resp dx in birds?

A

Chlamydiosis -> Chlamydia psittaci

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14
Q

CLS of Chlamydiosis?

A

conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, dyspnoea,
lethargy, anorexia, diarrhoea, green faeces

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15
Q

Dx of Chlamydia psittaci

A

+ Imaging – hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, air sacculitis.
+ Lecucocytosis with monoctyosis on haematology,
elevated liver values on biochemistry
+ PCR on pooled faecal sample but intermittent
shedding, also conjunctival, choanal and cloacal swab
+ Serology (ELISA) for antibody levels using commercial kit eg Immunocomb

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16
Q

Tx for of Chlamydiosis?

A

Supportive, doxycycline up to 6 weeks

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17
Q

What fungal cause of Resp dx?

A

Aspergillosis (ubiquitous in environment so ususally if immunosuppressed)

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18
Q

Signs of Aspergillosis?

A

+ Dyspnoea, wheezing, change of voice due to fungal
granuloma on syrinx, lethargy, exercise intolerance, weight
loss
+ Can cause tracheal obstruction which will require air sac
tube

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19
Q

Dx of Aspergillosis?

A

+ Diagnosis: may see plaques on radiography but
endoscopy better placed, either tracheal or via air sacs,
samples can be collected
+ Blood sample will usually show heterophilia

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20
Q

Tx for resp aspergillus?

A

anti fungals and supportive

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21
Q

What GI dx in birds?

A
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Avian gastric yeast
  • Candida
  • Heavy metal tox
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22
Q

Describe Trichomoniasis?

A

+ Protozoa common in budgies
+ Causes vomiting, weight loss, thickened
white plaques in mouth
+ Diagnosis: microscopy of swab from lesion or
crop wash
+ Treatment: metronidazole orally

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23
Q

Describe Avian gastric yeast?

A

+ Macrorhabdus orthogaster – large rodshaped gram-positive yeast
+ Weight loss, vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy
+ Cytology of vomit, crop contents or faeces
+ Treatment with oral amphotericin B but will
continue to shed

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24
Q

describe candida?

A

+ Malnutrition, overuse of antibiotics, poor
husbandry, crop stasis
+White oral lesions, inappetence, regurgitation
+Swab for cytology and culture
+ Anti-fungals such as nystatin

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25
Q

Describe heavy metal tox?

A

+Regurgitation with matting of head feathers,
vomiting, diarrhoea with blood, weakness,
neurological signs, polyuria/polydipsia

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26
Q

What derm dx in birds?

A

PBFD (Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease)

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27
Q

What is PBFD caused by?

A

y a circovirus and affects skin, feathers, immune
system

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28
Q

Describe two forms of PBFD?

A

+ Acute form – juvenile birds, feather abnormalities and
immunosuppression with high mortality
+ Chronic form – progressive deformed feathers, loss of beak
powder (becomes shiny), colour changes

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29
Q

What is affected by PBFD?

A

THE HEAD! - birds cannot pluck own feathers on head

30
Q

Dx of PBFD?

A

PCR on feather pulp or blood

31
Q

Where does circovirus live?

A

in environment and shed in feather dander plus can have carriers

32
Q

Preveniton of PBFD?

A

quarantine new birds, F10 disinfection

33
Q

What common ectoP of bird?

A

+Knemidokoptes pilae

34
Q

Describe +Knemidokoptes pilae

A

+Burrowing mite
+Common in budgies
+Scaly leg/scaly face and beak,
hyperkeratosis
+Diagnosis by clinical signs and skin
scrape, can visualise via microscopy
+Treatment with ivermectin
+Prevention with good hygiene

35
Q

What is Feather destructive bhvr?

A

+ Need to differentiate from disease related so full
diagnostics needed
+ Stress, boredom, inappropriate diet
+ Chew and damage feathers
+ Environmental enrichment and husbandry
changes
+ Some may need behavioural modification drugs

36
Q

Describe Superficial Chronic ulcerative Dermatitis (SCUD)

A

+Bacterial infection often incited by selfmutilation
+Culture and cytology plus full work-up as for
FDB
+Topical treatment with antiseptic, pain relief,
collar while healing takes place
+Sometimes needs surgical debridement

37
Q

What neuro dx is caused by avian bornavirus?

A

+Proventricular Dilatation Disease

38
Q

Describe +Proventricular Dilatation Disease

A

+Weight loss, undigested faeces, regurgitation, ataxia, seizures
+PCR on choanal and cloacal swabs or biopsy of proventriculus, also
serology
+Treatment – prokinetic drugs, some success with celocoxib, analgesia
+Progressive, high mortality

39
Q

Describe how heavy metal tox can cause neuro dx?

A

+ Zinc and lead from galvanized cages, paint,
metal toys

40
Q

Signs of heavy metal tox?

A

+ GI signs especially regurgitation, weakness,
neurological signs, polyuria/polydipsia

41
Q

Dx and tx of heavy metal neuro dx?

A

+ Diagnosis by radiography and heavy metal
blood levels
+ Treatment with calcium EDTA or
penicillamine with supportive care

42
Q

What is arguably the msot common reprod dx in birds?

A

Egg binding

43
Q

What can cause egg bind?

A

Hypocalcaemia, obesity, salpingitis, weakness,
abnormal egg

44
Q

Signs & diagnosis of egg bind?

A

Signs: unproductive straining, distended coelom,
tachypnoea
+ Diagnosis via x-rays or endoscopy, sometimes
palpation

45
Q

Tx of Egg bind?

A

+ Treament: oxygen as likely dyspnoeic, stabilize
+ If egg visible via vent, can aspirate and apply gentle
pressure to collapse and remove manually
+ Provide calcium and oxytocin
+ If not visible, surgical removal via salpingotomy or
salpingectomy

46
Q

Why do we get Chronic egg laying?

A

Caused by excessive stimulation, long day
length, poor nutrition

47
Q

How to manage Chronic egg laying?

A

+ Do not remove eggs until lost interest
+ Husbandry changes: move cage around,
reduce day length
+ Medical or surgical: deslorelin implants,
salpingectomy
+ Prevention: appropriate husbandry

48
Q

What causes Egg yolk coelomitis?

A

+ Can be caused by ruptured oviduct,
neoplasia, salpingitis, ectopic ovulation
+ Can be sterile or septic

49
Q

CLS & Dx of Egg yolk coelomitis?

A

+ Clinical signs: enlarged coelom, dyspnoea,
lethargy, anorexia, recent egg laying
+ Diagnosis: toxic heterophilia, loss of detail
on radiography, ultrasound,
coelomocentesis

50
Q

Tx of Egg yolk coelomitis?

A

+ Medical treatment: antibiotics, NSAIDs
+ Surgical treatment: removal of yolk material

51
Q

What urtinary dx do birds get?

A
  • Renal dx
  • Renal neoplasia
52
Q

Describe Renal dx in birds?

A

+Can be caused by dehydration, infectious diseases, drugs, heavy
metals
+Polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, lethargy
+Urinalysis not routine as urine is excreted with faeces
+Diagnosis via uric acid levels on biochemistry or endoscopic/surgical
renal biopsy
+Treat inciting cause and fluids

53
Q

What is gout?

A

+ Failure to excrete uric acid due to compromised renal function
+ Therefore builds up in joints and visceral organs

54
Q

What leads to gout?

A

+ Chronic end stage renal disease, chronic dehydration, infectious agents, high protein diet,
neoplasia

55
Q

Signs of gout and Dx?

A

+ Lameness, swollen feet, difficulty perching or flying
+ Diagnosis: uric acid levels on bloods, aspiration of swellings under GA will show urate
crystals on microscopy

56
Q

Tx for gout?

A

+ Treatment: fluids and allopurinol, treat primary cause, analgesia
+ If visceral – poor prognosis. Less common in small psittacines
+ Non-specific signs, anorexia, lethargy
+ Diagnosed as increased radiopacity on x-rays

57
Q

Prevention of Gout?

A

adequate water intake, avoid nephrotoxic drugs

58
Q

What main trauma areas in birds?

A
  • Blood feather
  • Cat bites
  • Fractures
59
Q

Detail Blood feather

A

+ Growing feathers, haemorrhage
+ Apply corn starch, remove with haemostats

60
Q

Detail Cat bites?

A

+ Usually infected with Pasteurella
multocida, can lead to rapid
septicaemia
+ Clean wounds thoroughly under GA
+ Analgesia and antibiotic – my
preference is oral sulphonamides

61
Q

Detail Fractures?

A

+ Little soft tissue coverage over bones,
tibiotarsal most common
+ Supportive care, analgesia, tape splint
+ Amputation or surgical repair in larger
birds

62
Q

What neoplasia do birds get?

A
  • Lipoma
  • Renal & testicular tumours
  • Xanthomas
63
Q

Lipoma?

A

+ Obese birds
+ Usually on neck and sternum
+ Diagnosis via FNA, biopsy
+ Surgical removal – care as often vascular

64
Q

Renal & testicular tumours?

A

+ Can cause unilateral lameness due to compression of nerves
+ Common in budgies

65
Q

Xanthomas?

A

+ Cholesterol deposits in form of mass
+ Benign
+ Common in cockatiels
+ Surgical removal, weight reduction

66
Q

What to do if collapsed bird?

A

+Hypothermic, hypoglycaemic,
dehydrated, dyspnoeic
+Warmth and fluids, ideally
incubator, oxygen
+Then offer food, if refuses – crop
feed critical care
+Once stable perform diagnostics

67
Q

If overgrown beak?

A

dremel under GA

68
Q

Diabetes in birds?

A

+ Common in budgies
+ PUPD, polyphagia, weight loss
+ Hypoglycaemia, elevated fructosamine and low insulin on
bloods, glucosuria
+ Insulin therapy not very successful
+ Diet modification
+ Prevention – adequate diet

69
Q

How to blood sample in birds?

A

+ 1% of body weight can be safely taken in a
healthy bird
+ Send to a lab with an exotics service
+ Usually under general anaesthesia
+ Right jugular vein
+ Also medial metatarsal vein and basilic vein
+ Veins fragile
+ Place into heparin tube

70
Q

How to do imaging in birds?

A

+ Always under general anaesthesia + Lateral and ventrodorsal whole body
radiographs
+ CT becoming more available + Ultrasound can be used but less frequently

71
Q

What preventative healthcare in birds?

A

+ Husbandry
+ As mentioned throughout lecture, many of
these diseases are caused by inappropriate
husbandry
+ Encourage clients to attend health checks which
include review of husbandry
+ Diet
+ UV lighting
+ Encourage natural behaviour

VMS4007 (24 decks)

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