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VMS4007 > Population Ecology 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Population Ecology 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a population

A
  • Group of individuals of a single species living in same general area
  • Populations are described by their boundaries and size
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2
Q

What are the 5 Ds of population ecology?

A
  • Density
  • Distribution
  • Dispersion (pattern of spacing)
  • Dispersal (av distance an individual moves from where it was born to where it reproduces)
  • Demographics
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3
Q

what factors influence spacing of individuals ?

A
  • Environmental and social factors
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4
Q

Describe demographics

A
  • Demographics: the statistical study of the structure of a population &
    the changes that occur over time.
  • Incorporates:
  • birth rates & death rates
  • age structure
  • sex ratios
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5
Q

What is Semelparity?

A

Single event (ollowed by death)

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6
Q

What is Iteroparity? what two types?

A

Repeated reproductive events =>
Seasonal iteroparity: e.g. birds, perennial plants
Continuous iteroparity: e.g. primates, tropical species

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7
Q

Population diagrams - how do they look when population is growing?

A

pyramid

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8
Q

Describe a mark-recapture survey

A

a method of population estimation in which
researchers capture and mark a subset of a
population from an area, return it to the area,
and capture a second sample of the population
after time has passed.

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9
Q

How is population size estimated:

A
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10
Q

What two life tables can we have?

A

Age specific summary of survival pattern of a population =>
1. Cohort Life Tables - follows an age group from birth to death
2. Time specific (static) - quantifies survival`::fecundity of ALL individuals at one time interval

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11
Q

What important stats for life history?

A
  • age
  • No alive each year
  • survival
    -Deaths
  • Mortality rate
  • Mean expectation of further lfie at age x
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12
Q

What are the patterns of survivorship: intermediate types?

A

Type II/III intermediate
- High young mortality
* - then constant adult mortality rate
(e.g. many birds, mud turtles)

Type I/II intermediate
- Low mortality in young,
* - then steady adult mortality rate

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13
Q

Use of population models?

A

help understand complex real ecological
systems in simple terms.

  • Test theories, enables predictions to be made & help in decision making for managing & conserving populations of species
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14
Q

why is it helpful to study population growth ?

A

in an idealized situation to help us
understand the capacity of species to increase and the conditions that
may facilitate this growth.

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15
Q

Population dynamics modelling?

A
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16
Q

Express mathematically population growth ?

A
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17
Q

How can births and deaths be expressedN

A

as an average number of births and deaths PER INDIVIDUAL during the specified time interval

18
Q

What is the per capita rat of increase aka intrinsic growth rate?

A

(R) = b-m

19
Q

r=0?

A

zero population growth

20
Q

r>0 ?

A

population increases

21
Q

r<0 = ?

A

population decrease

22
Q

How can we now write the change in population size?

A
23
Q

When does exponential population growth happen?

A

under idealized conditions

24
Q

What is the equation for exponential population growth?

A

think of N as money in bank account and r as interest

25
Q

When would we realistically see exponential population growth in nature?

A

populations introduced to new area

26
Q

what would a more realistic population model growth?

A

incoportating carrying capacity (K)

27
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

s the maximum population size the environment can
support. K varies with the abundance of limiting resources

28
Q

What is the logistic model ?

A

describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its caryring capacity (K)

29
Q

what happens in density-dependent limitations?

A

Birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density
(i.e. factors that affect population size in relation to the population’s density)

30
Q

What happens in density-independent limitations?

A

Birth rate and death rate do not change with population density
(i.e. factors that limit population size regardless of the population’s density)

31
Q

What are some density dependent factors?

A
  • Competition
  • Disease
  • Predation
  • Territoriality
  • Intrinsic factors
  • Toxic wastes @
32
Q

Describe competition (density dependent factor)?

A
  • Interspecific = between species
  • Intraspecific= within species
  • As population density inc, resources dec
33
Q

Describe disease (density dependent factor)?

A
  • As population inc, dx inc
  • Population density can influence health and surviva or organisms
  • In dense populations, pathogens can spread more rapidly
34
Q

Describe Predation (density dependent factor) ?

A
  • As population density inc, predation inc
  • Peregrine falcon: nuthatcha/blackbird
  • Cats, dogs : direct & inirect impacts on wildlife
35
Q

Territoriality (density dependent factor)?

A
  • As population density inc, territories dec
  • In many vertebrates and some intervertebrates, competition for territory may lilit density
36
Q

Describe Intrinsic factors (density dependent factor)?

A
  • As population density inc, intrinsic factors inc
  • For some populations, intrinsic (physiological) factors appear to regulate population size?
    eg. stress, aggression
37
Q

Describe Toxic wastes (density dependent factor) ?

A
  • As population density inc , toxic waste inc
  • Accumulation of toxic wastes, can contribute to density-dependent regulation of population size
38
Q

Describe density independent factors?

A
  • chance events or external factors
  • Weather (cold wet winter, dought)
  • Seeds finding fertile soil
39
Q

Goal of reprod strategies?

A

Trade of bW quantity and quality (survival) of offspring

40
Q

Describe K -selection (density-dependent selection (DD))

A
  • Lives in more stable environment.
  • Selects for offspring that have a higher
    probability of survival to maturity – greater quality
41
Q

r-selection (density-independent selection (DI

A
  • Lives in unstable and unpredictable environments
  • Selects for life history traits that maximize
    reproduction (per capita rate of increase)
42
Q

Table of r-selected & K selected reprod strategies?

A

VMS4007 (16 decks)

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