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VMS4007 > Introduction to raptors > Flashcards

Introduction to raptors Flashcards

1
Q

Define Falconry

A

keeping of falcons (or other prey birds) and training them to hunt wild animals (sport)

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2
Q

What Law in the UK applies to birds of prey ?

A
  • Illegal to take raptors from wild without license except if receiving tx from vet or allowed person
  • Licensing by Defra
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3
Q

IS a license needed to own or fly captive-bred birds of prey ?

A

NO

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4
Q

What act protects wild birds?

A

Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

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5
Q

Give examples of HAwks

A

Goshawks, Sparrowhawk

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6
Q

Give examples of Falcons

A

Peregrin Falcon , Saker, Merlin, Kestrel

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7
Q

Give examples of Buzzards

A

Common buzzard, harris hawk

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8
Q

What two basic systems for husbandry?

A
  1. Tethered on blocks or perches
  2. Aviaries
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9
Q

What are two perch types?

A

1.Bow
2. Block

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10
Q

What type of perch surfaces?

A
  1. Astroturf
  2. Nylon rope
  3. NAtural materials
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11
Q

Describe Diet for raptors

A
  • Entire carcass and then regurgitate the bones and feather/fur
  • Do not feed pure muscle (not a balanced diet)
  • feeding the same each day will not be balanced
  • Ca:P ratio is important
  • Fresh water for bathing and drinking
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12
Q

What flying ‘furniture’ is there?

A
  • Aylmeri/ Anklet
  • Jesse
  • Swivel
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13
Q

FLight weight?

A

ideal weight for flying (lowest weight that allows optimal performance)

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14
Q

What can cast mean?

A
  • the method to hold a bird for examination
  • To regurgitate a pellet
  • Two or more birds flown together
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15
Q

What does Cast off mean?

A

released from the fist

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16
Q

Casting ?

A

indigestible part of the diet

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17
Q

Foot / footing?

A

when a bird strikes with its feet

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18
Q

Imping?

A

Replacement of damaged feathers, gluing a new tip onto a broken feather (allows precision in flying)

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19
Q

Define Mutes

A

droppings/ faeces

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20
Q

Define Manned (to man)

A

a bird that has been tamed and is used to humans

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21
Q

Define Mews

A

building that a bird is kept/trained in

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22
Q

Define Hood

A

leather ap that overs a birds face, used to calm birds

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23
Q

Describe how to safely handle a bird of prey?

A
  • Always cast a bird of prey to examine it
  • If the bird is used to a hood always hood first to reduce stress
  • Always watch FEET not beak!
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24
Q

How to Cast bird?

A
  • Using towel grasp from behind around wings/body
  • Wrap in towel and ideally cover head
  • DO NOT RESTRICT BREATHING
  • Hold legs
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25
Q

List common conditions of raptors?

A

» Aspergillosis » Enteritis » Coccidiosis » Capillaria » Lead Poisoning » Crop Stasis » Frost Bite » Wing tip oedema » Pododermatisis » Blunt Trauma » Fractures

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26
Q

aspergillosis in birds - describe

A
  • Fungal spores in environment
  • Individual birds susceptible
  • FOund in moulds within soil, feed and hay
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27
Q

What does aspergillosis cause?

A
  • Fungal pneumonia, air sacculitis and granulomas
  • Acute and chronic forms
28
Q

What signs of Aspergillosis

A
  • weight loss
  • Lethargy
  • Bhvr change/ poor performance
  • Voice change (acute EMERGENCY)
29
Q

How to Diagnose Aspergillosis ?

A
  • Bloods
  • PCR blood test
  • Radiographs
  • Endoscopy

culture
cytology
histopath

30
Q

Tx for Aspergillosis

A
  • Surgery (endoscopy) to remove plaques
  • Nebulisation
  • Medical (voriconazole)
  • Hygiene (antifungals ..)
31
Q

What is the main clinical sign of Enteritis?

A

Abnormal mutes

but also V+ or regurg, melena or undigested food in the faeces and anorexia

32
Q

Causes of enteritis?

A
  • bacterial
  • Viral
  • Fungal
  • Endoparasites
  • Toxicity
  • other
33
Q

How severe is acute enteritis?

A

EMERGENCY - need supportive care/ fluids

34
Q

What kind of work up to do for enteritis?

A

Faecal parasitology, haematology, biochemistry, imaging with a crop wash/ culture

35
Q

What does white plaques in mouth mean? (DDX? )

A

Capilaria, Trichomonas, candida, pox virus

36
Q

Capillaria Characteristics

A
  • Most common nematode in raptors

CLS: hea shaking, white/ yellow plaques in mouth, D+, weight loss, lethargy

Dx: faecal parasitology
Tx: fenbendazole

37
Q

Trichomonas - what is it & how do they get it

A
  • Protozoa affecting mouth, oesophagus and crop
  • Common in birds of prey eating pigeons
  • TO prevent always freeze pigeons before defrosting and feeding
38
Q

CLS, Dx, Tx Trichomonas?

A

CLS: white/ yellow plaques in mouth and head flicking
Dx: moving flagella and microscopic exam of plaques with saline
Tx: metronidazole or carnidazole

39
Q

How do birds of prey get lead poisoning ?

A

exposure = eating shot wildlife (lead pellets)

40
Q

CLS LEad poisoning?

A

Lethargy, anaemia, GI signs, neuro signs

41
Q

Diagnosis of lead poisoning ?

A
  • Bloods - nonregen anaemia, liver and kidney damage
  • Xray - radio-opaque lead particles in GIT tract
  • Blood lead levels to confirm toxicity
42
Q

Treatment for Lead poisoning ?

A
  • REMOVE LEAD (small particles pass through 4-5d, bigger particles endoscope or surgery)
  • Calcium EDTA chelating drug
  • Supportive care
43
Q

Causes of crop stasis?

A
  • Crop infection
  • Inappropriate food
  • Dehydration
  • Low body condition
  • Over full crop/ over gorging
44
Q

Presentation of crop stasis?

A

Patient may appear bright with a distended crop or collapsed and in shock (toxaemia)

45
Q

What should u do for crop stasis?

A

always, remove content of the crop first of all, even though GA is risky

46
Q

Tx for crop stasis?

A

Ingluviotomy, antifungal, antibiotics, supportive care

47
Q

Crop stasis - when should u feed bird?

A

Never feed a bird of prey is a cast has not yet been regurgitated = risk of GIT obstruction

48
Q

What is WTONS?

A

Wing tip Oedema and Necrosis Syndrome

49
Q

What is WTONS caused by? Signs ?

A
  • Reduced blood flow to wing tips- unknown cause
  • Feather loss, oedema and necrotic tissue at the tip of wings
50
Q

Tx , Dx, Prevention?

A

Tx: vascular stimulants (isoxsuprine)
Dx: Radiograph - carpus bone involvement ?

Prevention: keep birds warm and dry

51
Q

Head Trauma signs?

A

Always do ophtalmic exam with found wild birds fo prey

52
Q

Describe ophtalmic exam for head trauma?

A

» No tapetum lucidum (no reflection of light).
» Pecten - function is to supply blood to the retina.
» Always check for ocular hemorrhage.
» If sight is poor (suggesting complete detachment of the pecten)
prognosis is poor.

53
Q

Pododermatitis - clinical grades?

A
54
Q

What causes of pododermatitis in birds of prey?

A
  • Injury
  • Self injury
  • Incorrect perch/ perch covering
  • Poor perch hygiene
  • Obesity
  • hypovitaminosis A
55
Q

What organisms are commonly involved in pododermatitis?

A

Staphs, E.coli, Proteus, candida

56
Q

Type 1 treatment for pododermatitis?

A
  • Balanced diet
  • Clean environment
  • Cover perches
  • Handle and fly more/ free loft
57
Q

Type 2-3 Tx for pododermatitis?

A
  • C& S
  • Oral antibiotics
  • F10 barrier cream (fungal and bacteria)
58
Q

Type 4-5 Tx , same as type 2-3 PLUS?

A
  • surgery to debride and shell out puss/ necrotic core
  • Dressings
59
Q

What fractures are common?

A

Tibiotarsal and wing fractures due to trauma are common (hybrid fixation best)

60
Q

What Fracture repair methods ?

A
  • Cage rest only
  • External stabilisation (if bone too small for internal stabilisation)
  • Internal fixation (IM pins)
  • ‘Hybrid’ fixation (IM pins with external skeletal fixators
61
Q

Describe blood sampling in rapotrs?

A
  • Jugular vein preferred site
  • Brachial wing vein can be used
  • Medial metatarsal vein great but CARE with feet
62
Q

What fluids for emergency care?

A
  • IV fluids - if collapsed can do 10ml/kg/min bolus
  • IO fluids - Sterile insertion - Distal ulnar or proximal tibia 10ml/kh/hr
  • Crop tube fluids (12ml/kg) if owl use a stomach tube 8ml/kg
63
Q

What other emergency care?

A
  • Analgesia - NSAIDs, butorphanol, buprenorphine
  • Intubate or air sac cannula if not breathing
  • Crop or stomach tube nutrients/ fluids (12ml/kg)
64
Q

Oral medication

A

via crop/ stomach tube or inject / insert medication into meat/carcass feeds - use flexible tube to feed

65
Q

Muscle injections

A

Caudal third of pectoral muscles
Avoid leg muscles due to RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM

66
Q

S/C injection?

A

poor absorption rate

67
Q

Why should you avoid muscular injections?

A

irritable substances & can affect flight/ performance

VMS4007 (24 decks)

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