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VMS4007 > UK Wildlife Rehab 2 > Flashcards

UK Wildlife Rehab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What species of birds seen?

A
  • Columbiformes (pigeons & doves)
  • Passeriformes (garden birds, sparrow, robins)
  • Corvidae (crows, rooks, magpies)
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2
Q

PAsserines - diet? legislation? housing?

A
  1. Diet
    With passerines, the beak shape assists on knowing whether insectivorous or granivorous species.
  2. Legislation
    Eg. Juvenile shelduck and egyptian geese very similar- egyptian goose unreleasable invasive species.
  3. Housing needs
    Eg Seabirds specialised species, need quick turn around and access to pools- refer ASAP.
    Eg. Swifts specialised feeders requiring force feeding in captivity, highly challenging to manage- refer ASAP.
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3
Q

Basic handling ?

A
  • Towel
  • Close blinds
  • Small birds -> ringers grip
  • Birds of prey - hold the feet
  • “Point beak birds’ (heron,gannet) - goggles and hold the head
  • gannets and adult cormorants - no functional external nostrils, hold beak slightly open with gauntlets
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4
Q

Describe PO as route of medication?

A

● First choice, achievable in all species.
● Passerine slowly drop by drop into mouth, all others into
mouth past airway.
● Crop volumes= 25ml/kg for most species, up to 50ml/kg
in columbiformes, 15ml/kg for species without true crop
(eg owls)
○ Always give fluids first (eg critical care/ lectade)
before support feeding.
○ Emeraid product range ideal for support feeding
most species.

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5
Q

Describe IM as ROA?

A
  • Prefered for injectables
  • usually pectorals , can use thigh
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6
Q

Describe SC as ROA ?

A
  • Fluids, more tehcnically challenging
  • Inguinal folds in all species, interscepular with care
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7
Q

Describe IV as ROA?

A
  • IVFT in alrger species
  • Euthanasia
  • Can use for Ga inductions
  • Medial metatarsal vein, ulca vein (jugular)
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8
Q

Avian influenza - background?

A

● Historically outbreaks occurred in winter, brought over by
migrating geese/ swans from the east.
● Recent severe outbreak 2021
-2024. H5N1, caused huge
numbers of deaths including throughout both summers.

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9
Q

Species most affected from avian influenza?

A

● Waterfowl and gulls generally considered host species. ● Avivores eg Peregrine falcon, Common buzzard ● Seabirds (particularly in 2021-2024 outbreak)

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10
Q

Symptoms of avian influenza?

A

Symptoms
- different to poultry
● Neurological
- circling (esp water fowl), star gazing
● Respiratory
- gasping, cyanosis, “gurgly” breathing
● Sudden death

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11
Q

During an outbreak of Avian Influenza?

A
  • Follow BVA guidelines
  • Triage essential
    -> notifiable in captive birds, including wild birds once admitted
  • PPE in suspect case? -> FFP3 facemask, full body coverall, eye protection, gloves, foot covers
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12
Q

Desribe PMV?

A

Pigeon PAramyxovirus notifiable in poultry but not in wild birds
- Affected columbiformes

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13
Q

Symptoms of PNV?

A

● Feral pigeons- torticollis, circling, tremors/ twitching
● Feral and wood pigeons- PU/PD, anorexia, weight loss, green
watery faeces.

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14
Q

Dx of PMV?

A

neurological signs are pathognomic

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15
Q

TX of rPMV?

A

Pg poor, neurological deficits are usually permanent and is highly contagious amongst columbiformes - euthanasia advised

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16
Q

Psittacosis affects?

A
  • Poss in any species but more in columbiformes and sea birds
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17
Q

Symptoms of Psittacosis?

A

● URT- bilateral conjunctivitis, nasal discharge
● Lethargy, poor appetite, green/ yellow watery faeces
● Asymptomatic carriage

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18
Q

Dx of Psittacosis?

A

Faecal tests avaialble in house or lab

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19
Q

Zoonotic risk of psittacosis?

A

● Highest risk from inhalation of aerosolised faecal material- ie when
cleaning out or catching birds, or handling clinically infected birds.
● Mask masks- FFP3

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20
Q

Tx of psittacosis?

A

Possible and done in pet birds (45 days doxycyline) but not recommended
in wild birds due to risk to staff and other birds.

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21
Q

Avian pox affects ..?

A
  • Mostly pigeons, particularly wood pigeons
  • Passerines particularly greatly tits
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22
Q

Symptoms of avian pox?

A

Raised lumps on eyelids, beak, toes, carpal areas

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23
Q

Dx avian pox?

A

based on symptoms

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24
Q

Tx of avian pox?

A

● Will self resolve in mild cases- lumps scab and then drop
off. Isolate for 6 weeks.
● Severe cases euthanase.
● Contagious

25
Q
  • Trichomonas gallinae happens in ..?
A

Columbiformes
birds of prey
soem outbreaks in finches

26
Q

Symptoms of - Trichomonas gallinae?

A
  • white plaques to caseous lumps in mouth and oesophagus
  • Poor BS,inability to swallow
27
Q

Diagnosis of - Trichomonas gallinae?

A
  • Based on symptoms
  • Microscopy of wet smears from. plaques
  • Not oral Capillaria infection a ddx in BOPs
28
Q

Tx for - Trichomonas gallinae?

A
  • Metronidazoles or carnidazole
  • Wood pigeons - garlic?
29
Q

Who gets Syngamus trachea ?

A
  • Juvenile corvids
  • Juvenile blackbirds and starlings
  • Juvenile gulls
30
Q

symptoms of Syngamus trachea?

A
  • Coughing/’snicking’
  • Gurgly breathing and inc resp effort
31
Q

Dx of Syngamus trachea?

A
  • Faecal parasitology
  • Post mortem ID of parasite sin trachea
  • based on symptoms
32
Q

Describe coccidiosis

A

● Can be seen in many species but very common
in pigeons.
● Diagnosis on faecal samples, most common
cause of green faeces.
● Treatment with toltrazuril or diclazuril.

33
Q

Describe Nematodes?

A

Nematodes:
● Sometimes identified on faecal tests.
● Capillaria very pathogenic in birds and
treatment advised (fenbendazole),
● Others usually incidental.

34
Q

Tick reactions?

A

● Mainly in collared doves but can be others species.
● Tick on head with dramatic swelling, usually around an eye.
● Cause unknown but believed be bacterial.
● Responds well to antibiotics (tetracyclines or amoxi/clav)
and anti inflammatories.
● Remove ticks promptly from birds

35
Q

Lice?

A

● Extremely common. Large and easily visible. Not dangerous
but heavy burden indicate debilitation.
● Fipronil, ivermectin

36
Q

Flat flies?

A

Bird specific parasitic fly - unpleasant but not pathogenic

37
Q

Radiograohic assessment of trauma?

A
  • Ga with uncuffed ETT
  • ● Always take orthogonal views
    ○ Investigation of a bird note flying
    = Whole body VD AND whole body lateral
    ● Investigation of a wing fracture
    = Whole body/ wing VD AND wing caudocranial

● Pectoral girdle fractures- “H-view” (oblique VD).
Alters projection of the clavicle and coracoids
reducing overlay.

38
Q

Fracture repair - must have…?

A

Must have:
● Good prognosis for return to full function
● Suitable fracture (closed, not too near joint, simple)
● Suitable patient (healthy, consider other injuries, species)
● Suitable surgeon (only have a couple of days- heal quickly)

39
Q

Fractures that can heal conservatively?

A

● Radius/ ulna with other intact
● Single coracoid, clavicle or scapula fracture without severe
displacement
● Tibial or metatarsal fracture if can be adequately stabilised
and not near joint- usually in juveniles.
● Toe fractures (can amputate one toe in pigeons)

40
Q

What does conservative management include?

A
  1. Cage rest (2-3weeks)
  2. External coaptation
    ● Figure of 8 wing dressing for injuries below the elbow
    ○ Avoid prolonged restriction- joints stiffen quickly
    ● Humerus injuries include a body wrap (poorly tolerated)
    ● Tibia/ metatarsal fractures splinting
    ○ Cotton buds/ lolly sticks, small animal splits, casting (vet-lite)
    ● Toe fractures using foot splint-
    ○ cardboard works well, plastic available
  3. Don’t forget analgesia
41
Q

Wound closure in ST injuries?

A

● Tissue glue often works well for fresh skin tears
● Suturing under GA (once stable) as for domestic species.
● Note- pluck feathers do not cut and keep minimal
● Very little subcutaneous tissue

42
Q

Crop tears?

A

● Columbiformes
● Not always obvious. Food leaks out of hole.
● Can heal well with surgical closure.
○ Inverting continuous closure of crop itself followed by
routine skin closure.
○ Injectable meds given until closed.
● Test fully closed by placing probe into crop whilst under GA.

43
Q

Subcutaneous emphysema?

A

● Common in birds after puncture wounds, particularly passerines
.
● Due to damage to air sacs.
● Drainage with needle, or needle and syringe. May need
repeating.
● Usually resolve after a few days even when large- air sac heals.

44
Q

Ophtalmology trauma?

A

Up to 30% of bird of prey will have posterior chamber trauma after
road traffic accidents.
All birds of prey with history of trauma should have a retinal exam.

45
Q

When is euthanasia indicated with eyes?

A

● Retinal detachment
● Massive hemorrhage
● Globe rupture
● Internal opacities causing blindness

46
Q

What tx for eye trauma?

A

● Minor areas of retinal hemorrhage may resolve
● Corneal ulceration
● Eyelid injuries/ swelling

47
Q

Window strikes - common outcomes?

A
  1. Temporary head trauma/ concussion with rapid
    resolution.
  2. More severe head trauma, may involve fractures to the skull with poor prognosis.
    If going to recover expect to see improvement
    within 24 hours.
  3. Pectoral girdle fractures- bird cannot fly or can fly a little but not gain height. Needs xrays.
48
Q

Foreign bodies?

A

Fishing hook injury or ingestion common in water
birds, in particular swans and gulls
● Internal hook removal can require endoscopy
or surgical approach.
● Do not cut the line! Tape to beak.

49
Q

Entanglement trauma?

A

In water birds fishing line can cause ligature injuries.
● Prognosis depends on severity
Netting entanglements occur in all species.
● Monitor for necrosis- unless very loose do not
release immediately.
● Injury to the propatagium common
occurrence.

50
Q

Juvenile birds - feeding basics?

A

● Precocial vs altricial species
● Altricial require very frequent feeding throughout day time
(starting at every 20 minutes in small birds)
● Columbiformes need a liquid diet to replicate crop milk
● For all do not try to feed until rehydrated and warm.
● Excellent hygiene and disinfection of feeding tools mandatory

51
Q

Juvenile birds - housing?

A

● Young birds must be kept warm.
○ Incubators for altricial nestling.
○ Brooders for young ducklings/ pheasants.
● All species should be creched with same/ similar
species.

52
Q

Specific species note in juveniles?

A

● Wood pigeons and collared doves very prone to NSHPsupplement routinely with calcium/ vit D (Zolcal D)
● For others, supplementation with eg Avimix.

53
Q

Oiled birds?

A
  • stabilise before washing (never wash on day of arrival)

Stabilise:
- Need full triage assessment
- Oral fluids followed by support feeding
- Clean beak, eyes, cloaca and legs by wiping
- For seabirds: PCV gives indication of debilitation, consider itraconazole

54
Q

What reptiles do we tend to see?

A

Snakes= Grass snake, Smooth snake, Adder
Lizards = Slow worm, Common lizard, sand lizard

55
Q

What amphibians do we see in rehab?

A

Common toad, common frog
Newts, Natterjack toad
Are some invasive frog species (marsh frog)

56
Q

Describe Adders?

A

● Only native venomous species
● Dangerous wildlife animal license needed to keep, however
is an exemption for veterinary treatment.
● Advised to seek advise ASAP.

57
Q

Housing of Reptiles?

A

● Simple vivarium set up- paper substrate, hides.
○ Humidity hide if shedding
○ Water bowl big enough to enter

● Heat source at one end to create gradient, mats are sufficient for native species but protected lamps can be used.

● Monitor the temperatures.
○ Eg. grass snake: 26C hot end, 20C cool end, drop to
15C night.

● UV not needed for short term care of native species.

● For snakes can offer pinkie mice, but rarely eat in
captivity.

58
Q

Presentations of reptiles?

A
  • Caught by cat
  • Gardening accident - Grass snakes - aught in pond netting
59
Q

euthanasia in reptiles?

A

● Under sedation/ GA unless moribund
○ Gas induction in induction chamber
○ IM Med/ket for snake
○ Topical isoflurane mix for amphibians (see
Carpenter’s formulary)
● IP/IH injections (IC challenging due to size)
● Check heart with doppler
● Pith with hypodermic needles via foramen magnum

VMS4007 (24 decks)

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