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Physiology 201 > U4 Lecture 27 > Flashcards

U4 Lecture 27 Flashcards

- list the divisions of the nervous system. what are the two major cell types within the nervous system and their basic functions - list the four major structures of the brain - describe the organization of the cerebrum in terms of gyri, sulci, hemispheres, lobes and grey and white matter - describe the organization of the cerebellum in terms of hemispheres and white and grey matter - list and describe the meningeal layers and spaces, in order from superficial to deep. Include a list of the

1
Q

How many neurons is in our nervous system?

A

85 billion

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2
Q

Each neuron has what?

A

10 thousand synapses (contacts) with other neurons

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3
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory function 2. integrative function 3. Motor Function
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4
Q

Describe the sensory function of the nervous system

A

Information goes back to the brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

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5
Q

What types of neurons control the sensory function of the nervous system?

A

Afferent Neurons

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6
Q

Describe the integrative function of the nervous system

A

Integrates sensory information by analyzing and storing it

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7
Q

What types of neurons control the integrative function of the nervous system?

A

Interneurons

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8
Q

Describe the motor function of the nervous system

A

Information from the brain and the spinal cord is sent out to muscles or glands (effectors)

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9
Q

What type of neurons control the motor function of the nervous system?

A

Efferent neruons

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10
Q

What are the two branches of the Nervous System?

A
  • Central Nervous System = brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System = Cranial and Spinal Nerves
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11
Q

What are the three branches of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A
  • Enteric NS
  • Somatic NS
  • Autonomic NS
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12
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system?

A

smooth muscle, glands of the GI tract

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13
Q

Where is the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Where is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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15
Q

What are the two branches of the Autonomic Nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic division = fight or flight
  • Parasympathetic division = rest and digest
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16
Q

What are the two cell types of Nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and Glial Cells (Neuroglia)

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17
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Involved in the generation and interpretation of ‘Electrical Signals’

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18
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

Support neuronal cell activity

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19
Q

More specifically, what do glial cells do?

A

Insulate, support and nourish neurons

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20
Q

More specifically, what do neurons do?

A

Process information

Sense environmental and internal changes

Communicate changes to other neurons

Command body responses

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21
Q

What are the four major parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites -> Cell body -> Axon -> Synapses

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22
Q

Function of dendrites

A

Collect information

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23
Q

Function of Cell body

A

Process information

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24
Q

Function of axon

A

spread information to output site

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25
Q

Function of synapses

A

Transmits information to other parts of the nervous system

26
Q

What are membrane potentials

A

small electrical signals

27
Q

What are the different charges of membranes potentials

A
  • Resting potential - steady negative charge (don’t feel anything)
  • Action potentials - “all or nothing” positive charge
28
Q

What causes action potentials to charge membranes potentials

A

Graded voltage changes occur in response to sensory stimuli or synaptic inputs

29
Q

What are the functions of the brain?

A
  • Control center
  • center of intelligence, behavior, memory and emotion
  • Coordinates activity of skeletal muscles
  • Influences activity of visceral organs and glands
30
Q

What is the brain composed of?

A

85 to 100 neurons and even more neuroglia

31
Q

How does the brain act as a processing center?

A

interpretation of sensory information is based on PATH TRAVELED and DESTINATION in the brain

32
Q

What happens to the brain when we learn and develop new skills?

A

Plasticity = anatomical changes in the brain, new synapses form and new pattern of activity develops, also neurogenesis (new neurons)

33
Q

What are the four major parts of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalon 4. Brain Stem
34
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

35
Q

What are the subdivisions of the brain stem?

A

pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain

36
Q

What is the organization of the cerebrum?

A

2 cerebral hemispheres - right and left

37
Q

What is the right cerebral hemisphere responsible for?

A

music, face recognition, visual imagery, spatial abilities

38
Q

What is the left cerebral hemisphere responsible for?

A

Language, logic, and reason

39
Q

What are the different lobes in the brain?

A

Frontal, Parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula

40
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Reasoning, planning, speech and movement, emotions and problem solving

41
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature and pain

42
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Perception and recognition of auditory stimuli and memory

43
Q

What are the functions of the occiputal lobe

A

Vision

44
Q

What are the functions of the insula lobe?

A

autonomic information (info from body to CNS)

visceral function (autonomic involuntary functions mediated by smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)

45
Q

Define gyrus

A

A ridge on the brain

46
Q

Define sulcus

A

a small groove or fold in the brain

47
Q

Define fissure

A

a large groove or fold in the brain

48
Q

What are the main sulcus in the brain?

A

Central sulcus and the lateral cerebral sulcus

49
Q

What are the main fissures in the brain?

A

Longitudinal fissure and the transverse fissure

50
Q

What are the main gyrus in the brain?

A

Precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

51
Q

What are the two parts of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar cortex and arbor vitae

52
Q

What is the cerebellar cortex made of?

A

Grey matter

53
Q

What is the arbor vitae made of?

A

White matter - looks like tree on cerebellum

54
Q

Define meninges

A

Connective tissue coverings that surround the brain and spinal cord

55
Q

Function of meninges

A
  • protects underlying neural tissue
  • anchors the brain in cranial cavity and spinal cord in vertebral cavity
56
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A
  • Dura matter = subdural space
  • Arachnoid mater = subarachnoid space
  • Pia mater
57
Q

Characteristics of dura matter

A

Most superficial layer

  • outer layer fuses w periosteum of skull (not w SC)
  • inner later folds into parts of cranial cavity forming sinuses
58
Q

Major dura matter folds

A
  • Falx cerebri
  • Falx cerebelli
  • Tentorium cerebelli
59
Q

CSF Pathway

A
60
Q

Functions of cerebral spinal fluid

A

Cushioning and shock absorption

Chemical Protection

Exchange nutrients and waste

61
Q

What is the brain blood barrier?

A

Protective mechanism that maintains stable environment for the brain

  • Capillaries of the brain are the least permeable of any capiliaries in the body
  • Capillaries are selective partly due to presence of astrocytes
62
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

A type of neuroglia

Physiology 201 (38 decks)

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