U2 Lecture 5

Question 1

Define fracture

Answer 1

a break in the continuity of bone rendering it structurally incompetent

Question 2

Classifications of fractures

Answer 2

1. Traumatic = normal bone experiencing abnormal forces

2. Pathologic = abnormal bone experiencing normal forces

Question 3

Incomplete vs. complete fractures

Answer 3

Incomplete = only partially broken in continuity

Complete = loss of continuity

Question 4

Greenstick fracture

Answer 4

An incomplete fracture which results in a bent bone in children

Question 5

Non-displaced vs. displaced

Answer 5

Non-displaced = complete fractures but bones don’t separate

Displaced = complete fracture and bones separate

Question 6

Simple (closed) vs. Open (compound)

Answer 6

simple = complete and displaced but doesn’t break skin

open = complete, displaced, and breaks skin

Question 7

Common fractures based on the nature of break

Answer 7

Transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, avulsion and impacted

Question 8

Common fractures based on location

Answer 8

epiphyseal fracture (incomplete or complete)

Question 9

Steps of fracture repair

Answer 9

1. Formation of fracture hematoma
   2a. Fibrocarilage callus formation
   2b. Bony callus formation
2. Bone remodeling

Question 10

What happens during the formation of a fracture hematoma?

Answer 10

Nearby bone cells die which causes swelling and inflammation. Phagocytes and osteolasts remove damaged tissue.

Question 11

Define phagocyte

Answer 11

type of cell in the body that engulfs and absorbs foreign and broken materials (trash eater)

Question 12

What happens during fibrocartilage callus formation?

Answer 12

• Blood vessels grow into the hematoma
• mesenchymal cells in periosteum differentiate into fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteogenic cells
• the chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage and the fibroblasts produce collagen

Question 13

What happens during bony callus formation (endochondral ossification)

Answer 13

• osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts

- osteoblasts produce spongy bone

Question 14

What happens during bone remodeling?

Answer 14

Osteoclasts eat away at the excess compact bone to bring it somewhat back to normal

Question 15

What are the two treatments for bone fractures?

Answer 15

Immobilization and reduction

Question 16

What are the two types of reduction?

Answer 16

• closed = setting and splinting of bone for natural healing

- open = surgical use of rods, plates, pins etc. to position bone and fragments correctly