Physiology 201

-Living Systems - Biological Organization - Homeostasis and Feedback loops - Scientific Method - Equilibrium vs. Steady state

- Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen Bonds - Cation and Anion - Chemical abbreviations - Calculate molar concentration - Define pH and buffer - List the 5 classes of organic compounds

- List primary constituents - Describe the functional organization of a biological membrane - Compare and contrast the structural elements of integral and peripheral membrane proteins (include 'lipophilicity' vs. 'hydrophilicity' or 'non-polar' vs. 'polar') - Explain why the amphipathic structure of phospholipds and integral membrane proteins is important in est. stable membrane structure - Define the terms primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of proteins - Discuss why biological membrane

- Concentration gradient and distance on the rate of diffusion between two points - Define osmosis and tonicity - Passive diffusion vs. Carrier-mediated transport - Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport - Compare and contrast primary and secondary active transport - List the categories of vesicular transport and describe a representative example of each

Describe the principal characteristics/ functions of the following list of cellular structures: 1. Cytoskeleton (microtubules and microfilaments) 2. Mitochondria 3. Nucleus 4. smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum 5. golgi apparatus 6. lysosomes and peroxisomes - Compare and contrast the characteristics of ATP production by oxidative vs. anaerobic metabolism

- List the 4 nucleotides involved in DNA and RNA and know their organization - Define chromosome, gene, codon, transcription, translation, exon, intron, and alternative splicing - Compare and contrast the characteristics and functional significance of transcription and translation - Describe the regulation of gene expression, incorporating use of the concepts associated with transcription factors, promoters, and RNA polymerase - List in chronological order the 4 phases of mitosis. Discuss the p

1. List and describe the functions of the skeletal system 2. Differentiate between the two divisions of the skeletal system and give examples 3. Describe the classification of bone based on shape, giving examples for each type 4. Describe the anatomy of flat bones and long bones 5. List and describe the functions of the 4 cell types found in bone 6. Discuss modeling and remodeling of bone

- Differentiate between the processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification - Be able to determine the order of events involved in intramemranous and endohondral ossification - List the bones formed by intramembranous and endochondral ossification

- list the components of the matrix of bone and describe how each component contributes to the bone's strength - Describe the differences between compact and spongy bone in terms of location, function, and composition - describe the microscopic structure of compact bone (the osteon) and understand the purpose of its organization

- describe interstitial and appositional growth of cartilage - describe how the presence of an epiphyseal plate facilitates the lengthening of bones - describe how remodeling is involved in growth and in maintaining bone shape - Describe the process of appositional growth and the role of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts in changing bone diameter, cortical width and medullary cavity size

- Describe the classification of fractures - Describe common types of fractures - Describe the steps in fracture repair - Describe the treatment of fractures in simple terms

- Describe the dietary factors that influence bone - Describe the roles of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in the regulation of blood calcium - describe the vitamin D pathway, and the role of calcitriol in calcium homeostasis - Describe the role of dietary calcium in maintenance of bone mass and know the recommended allowance for calcium intake for young adults - Describe the role of growth hormone and sex hormones in modulating bone mass - Describe the skeletal disorders that arise fro

- Describe how exercise can affect bone mass - Describe the mechanism by which mechanical stress leads to changes - Describe the mechanism by which mechanical stress leads to changes in bone mass - Define osteoporosis and identify the risk factors for development of the disease. Offer strategies for prevention of osteoporosis

- List the 3 structural classification of articulations - List and describe the 3 functional classifications of articulations - DEfine the subtypes of the 3 functional classifications of articulations discussed in lecture and give examples of each - Define the basic components of a synovial joint - List the functions of synovial fluid - Describe the shoulder, elbow, and knee joint bone features and ligaments or tendons as discussed - Describe the bone features of the temporomandibular join

- list and describe the specific functions of skeletal muscle - define the terms origin and insertion and describe the action and the reverse action of a muscle using these terms - list and describe the three classes of levers, giving examples of each - describe the classification of muscles base on action, and be able to determine the role played by a muscle in a particular movement

- describe the organization of muscle and the connective tissues surrounding each structure - diagram and label the major structural and contractile elements of a muscle fiber, and describe the function of each element - diagram and label the major contractile and regulatory elements of the sarcomere - diagram and label the thin and thick filaments including all of the proteins that make up each myofilament - give a general description of the sliding filament mechanism

- Describe the contraction cycle (also called the cross bridge cycle) including the role of calcium and ATP in the process - Describe rigor mortis and the importance of ATP in cross bridge detachment

Compare and contrast the structure and function of cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle - describe the differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle related to motor units, speed of contraction, and the involvement of the nervous system in contraction - understand the functions of smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle - describe the basic structure of smooth muscle and the general steps of contraction

Describe the several substrate and/or metabollic sources of ATP used to support muscle contraction and the approximate length of time each is capable of sustaining contraction Compare and contrast the characteristics of glycolytic (anaerobic) and mitochondroal (aerobic, oxidative) energy metabolism Define fatigue and describe its most common physiological cause Discuss the Cori cycle and basis of the O2 debt

- List the 3 phases of a muscle twitch - Compare and contrast the characteristics of a muscle twitch and tetanic contraction. Describe the development of tetanus in terms of temporal summation - Define a motor unit and and discuss it in the context of spatial summation - describe the 'size principle' in the context of development of increased tension during a voluntary muscle contraction - Describe isometric and isotonic contraction - Describe the strategies used to increase force in the mu

- compare and contrast the size, force-generating capabilities and metabilic characteristics of fast fibers (FG fibers), slow fibers (SO fibers) and intermediate fibers (FOG fibers) - define hypertrophy and atrophy in the context of muscle physiology

- list the divisions of the nervous system. what are the two major cell types within the nervous system and their basic functions - list the four major structures of the brain - describe the organization of the cerebrum in terms of gyri, sulci, hemispheres, lobes and grey and white matter - describe the organization of the cerebellum in terms of hemispheres and white and grey matter - list and describe the meningeal layers and spaces, in order from superficial to deep. Include a list of the

- describe the location and function of the specific functional areas of the cortex as described in lecture - describe the general location and function of the basal nuclei - describe the location and function of the cerebral white matter - describe hemispheric lateralization

Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic Division

Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic Division