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Physiology 201 > U1 Lecture 6 > Flashcards

U1 Lecture 6 Flashcards

- List the 4 nucleotides involved in DNA and RNA and know their organization - Define chromosome, gene, codon, transcription, translation, exon, intron, and alternative splicing - Compare and contrast the characteristics and functional significance of transcription and translation - Describe the regulation of gene expression, incorporating use of the concepts associated with transcription factors, promoters, and RNA polymerase - List in chronological order the 4 phases of mitosis. Discuss the p

1
Q

Structure of the nucleus

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Chromatin
  3. Nuclear envelope
  4. Nuclear pore
  5. Polyribosome
  6. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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2
Q

What is the genetic material found inside of the nucleus?

A

Nucleic Acid

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3
Q

Functions of the nucleus

A
  1. Stores information (DNA)

2. Coordinated cell’s activities including growth, metabolism protein synthesis, and reproduction/ cell division

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4
Q

Nucleic Acid components

A
  1. Sugar
  2. Phosphate
  3. 1 of 4 different nitrogenous bases
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5
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
    Thymine in DNA or 3. Uracil in RNA
  3. Cytosine
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6
Q

Terminology of nucleic acid

A
  • Nucleoside = base + sugar
  • Nucleotide = nucleoside + phosphate
  • Nucleic acid = sequence (strands or polymers) of nucleotides
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7
Q

Define codon

A

‘Triplet’ of 3 bases that represents one of 20 different amino acids
A series of bases represents a primary protein sequence

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8
Q

Define gene

A

a sequence (of codons) that represents (encodes) a single polypeptide (protein)

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9
Q

Base Pairs

A
  • A double bonds to T

- C triple bonds to G

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10
Q

Coping DNA

A

Cells pull apart and match complementary bases to make new strands

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11
Q

Information in DNA

A

The ‘double helix’ of DNA contains two complementary strands which contains…

  1. info encoded in the other strand
  2. info concerning protein structure
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12
Q

Terminology of chromosomes

A

-Nucleosome = DNA double helix wrapped around a histone (protein)
- Chromatin = chain of nucleosomes
- Chromatin fiber = netting of chromatin
- Chromosome = weaving of chromatin fiberinto an ‘X’ shape
Chromatid = the arms and legs of the ‘X’ shaped chromosome
Centromere = the center point of the chromosome

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13
Q

Chromatin vs. Chromosome

A

Chromatin = dispersed DNA, the typical condition of DNA

Chromosome = condensed DNA, when cell is dividing

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14
Q

Steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. Transcription

2. Translation

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15
Q

Transcription

A
  • Occurs in the nucleus
  • Produces messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA
  • Synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA using the base sequence of DNA as a template
  • Alternative splicing of exons can produce distinct mRNAs from one gene
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16
Q

Translation

A
  • Occurs in cytoplasm
  • Involves mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
  • Produces protein
17
Q

Define exon

A

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing info coding for a protein or peptide sequence

18
Q

Define intron

A

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes

19
Q

Define alternative splicing

A

A regulated process during gene expression that includes or excludes particular exons from the final messenger RNA

20
Q

Steps of translation

A
  1. Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon
  2. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into position on the ribosome
  3. Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs w next mRNA codon beside initiator tRNA
  4. Amino acid on initiator tRNA forms a peptide bond w amino acid beside it
  5. tRNA leaves the ribosome; ribosome shifts by one codon; tRNA binds to newly exposed codon; steps 3-5 repeat
  6. Protein synthesis stops when the ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA
21
Q

Define gene expression

A

The process by which the heritable info in a gene (the sequence of DNA base pairs) is made into a functional gene product like protein or RNA

22
Q

Two main stages of gene expression

A
  1. Transcription***

2. Translation

23
Q

Sites of gene expression during transcription

A
  • Promoter = DNA sequence ‘upstream’ to the start of a gene to which RNA polymerase binds
  • Transcription factors = roteins that bind to the promoter to augment binding of RNA polymerase
  • ** Promoter regulation is a mechanism for regulating gene expression
24
Q

The phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. G1 Phase
  2. S Phase
  3. G2 Phase
  4. Mitotic (M) Phase
25
Q

G1 Phase

A
  • Cell metabolically active
  • Duplicated organelles and cytosolic components
  • 8-10 hours
26
Q

S Phase

A

DNA and centrosome are replicated

- 8 hours

27
Q

G2 Phase

A
  • Cell growth continues
  • Enzymes and other proteins are synthesized
  • 4-6 hours
28
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
29
Q

Define prophase

A

Condensation of DNA into chromosomes

30
Q

Define metaphase

A

Alignment of chromosomes along a center line or plane (the ‘metaphase plate’

31
Q

Define anaphase

A

Separation of ‘sister chromatids’ to daughter cells

32
Q

Define telophase

A

Formation of two new nuclei

Physiology 201 (38 decks)

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