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Haematology > U+Es > Flashcards

U+Es Flashcards

1
Q

What is tested for in U+Es?

A

Urea
Creatinine

Sodium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Chloride

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2
Q

What is the normal range for urea?

A

2-7 mmol/L

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3
Q

What can cause a high urea?

A

Poor kidney function
Recent MI
GI bleeding
Dehydration

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4
Q

What can cause low urea?

A

Severe liver disease

Malnutrition

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5
Q

What is the normal range for creatinine?

A

55-120 umol/L

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6
Q

What can cause a high creatinine?

A

Poor kidney function

  • glomerulonephritis
  • ATN
  • blockage of urinary tract
  • pre-renal cause
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7
Q

What can cause a low level of creatinine?

A

Decreased muscle mass

Advanced liver disease

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8
Q

What is the normal level for sodium?

A

135-145 mmol/L

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9
Q

What can cause high sodium?

A

Dehydration
Cushing’s syndrome
Diabetes insipidus

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10
Q

What can cause low sodium? (with normal urine sodium)

A

Diuretics

  • thiazide
  • loop

Addison’s disease
SIADH
Hypothyroidism

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11
Q

What can cause low sodium? (with low urine sodium)

A 
D+V
Burns 
Secondary hypoaldosteronism
Nephrotic syndrome 
IV dextrose
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12
Q

What are the normal levels of potassium?

A

3.5-5 mmol/L

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13
Q

What can cause high potassium levels?

A

AKI
Metabolic acidosis
Addison’s disease
Rhabdomyolysis

Drugs

  • potassium sparing diuretics
  • ACEis
  • NSAIDs
  • heparin
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14
Q

What can cause low potassium levels? (with alkalosis)

A 
Vomiting 
Thiazides
Loop diuretics 
Cushing's syndrome 
Conn's syndrome
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15
Q

What can cause low potassium levels? (with acidosis)

A

Diarrhoea
Renal tubular acidosis
Acetazolamide
DKA

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16
Q

What is the normal level of chloride?

A

95-105 mmol/L

17
Q

What can cause high chloride levels?

A

Dehydration
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis

18
Q

What can cause low chloride levels?

A

Hyponatraemia
D+V
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis

19
Q

What is the normal level of bicarbonate?

A

22-28 mm/L

20
Q

What can cause high bicarbonate levels?

A 
Vomiting 
Lung diseases
Cushing's syndrome 
Conn's syndrome 
Metabolic alkalosis
21
Q

What can cause low bicarbonate levels?

A 
Addison's diseae
DKA
Diarrhoea
Kidney disease
Alcohol poisoning

Haematology (28 decks)

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