Haematopoesis

Question 1

What is haemopoesis?

Answer 1

Production of blood cells

Question 2

Where does haemopoesis occur?

Answer 2

Bone marrow

Question 3

What hormone controls the production of erythrocytes?

Answer 3

Erythropoietin

Question 4

What hormone controls the production of granulocytes?

Answer 4

G-CSF

Question 5

What hormone controls the production of lymphocytes?

Answer 5

Interleukins

TNFs

Question 6

What hormone controls the production of megarkaryocytes/platelets?

Answer 6

TPO

Question 7

What is the reticuloendothelial system?

Answer 7

Network of blood and tissues which is part of the immune system containing phagocytic cells

Question 8

What are the main organs of the RES?

Answer 8

Spleen

Liver

Question 9

What happens to RBCs as they pass through the spleen?

Answer 9

Damaged or old cells are destroyed

Question 10

What is the structure of the spleen?

Answer 10

Red pulp

• sinuses line by endothelial macrophages
• RBCs pass through

White pulp

• similar structure to lymphoid follicles
• WBCs pass through

Question 11

What are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 11

Sequestration + phagocytosis of RBCs
Blood pooling
Extramedullary haemopoesis
Immunological function

Question 12

What can cause splenomegaly?

Answer 12

Back pressure - portal hypertension
Overworking red/white pulp
Extramedullary haemopoesis
Infiltration

Question 13

What is hyposplenism?

Answer 13

Lack of functioning splenic tissue

Question 14

What causes hyposplenism?

Answer 14

Splenectomy
Sick cell disease
Coeliac disease

Question 15

What can be seen on a blood film in hyposplenism?

Answer 15

Howell Jolly bodies - DNA remnants

Question 16

What are the functions of RBCs?

Answer 16

Deliver oxygen to tissues
Carry haemoglobin
Maintain haemoglobin in reduced state
Maintain osmotic equilibrium

Question 17

How is erythropoiesis controlled?

Answer 17

Reduced pO2 detected by peritubular cells in kidney
Increased production of erythropoietin by kidney
Erythropoietin stimulates maturation and release of RBCs from marrow
RBCs increase = fall in erythropoietin production

Question 18

What is cytopenia?

Answer 18

Reduction in blood cells

Question 19

What is anaemia?

Answer 19

Low red cell count

Question 20

What is leucopenia?

Answer 20

Low white cell count

Question 21

What is neutropenia?

Answer 21

Low neutrophil count

Question 22

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 22

Low platelet count

Question 23

What is pancytopenia?

Answer 23

Low RBCs, WBCs and platelets

Question 24

What is eryhrocytosis?

Answer 24

High red cell count

Question 25

What is leucocytosis?

Answer 25

High white cell count

Question 26

What is neutrophilia?

Answer 26

High neutrophil count

Question 27

What is lymphocytosis?

Answer 27

High lymphocyte count

Question 28

What is thrombocytosis?

Answer 28

High platelet count

Question 29

What is the appearance of neutrophils?

Answer 29

Lobed nucleus

Question 30

What can cause neutrophilia?

Answer 30

``` Acute inflammation Tissue damage Cancer Acute haemorrhage Infection ```

Question 31

What can cause neutropenia?

Answer 31

Immune destruction Sepsis B12/folate deficiency Aplastic anaemia

Question 32

What are consequences of neutropenia?

Answer 32

Severe life threatening bacterial infection Severe life threatening fungal infection Mucosal ulceration

Question 33

What are the roles of monocytes?

Answer 33

Respond to inflammation and antigenic stimuli Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

Question 34

What can cause monocytosis?

Answer 34

Chronic inflammatory conditions Chronic infection Carcinoma Myeloproliferative disorders

Question 35

What are the roles of eosinophils?

Answer 35

Deal with some parasites Mediator of allergic response Mediate hypersensitivity reactions

Question 36

What are in eosinophil granules?

Answer 36

Arginine Phospholipid Enzyme

Question 37

What can cause eosinophilia?

Answer 37

Allergic diseases Parasitic infection Lymphoma Leukaemia

Question 38

What are the roles of basophils?

Answer 38

Active in allergic reactions and inflammatory conditions

Question 39

What are in basophil granules?

Answer 39

Histamine Heparin Hyaluronic acid Serotonin

Question 40

What can cause basophilia?

Answer 40

Hypersensitivity reactions UC RA Myeloproliferative diseases

Question 41

What cells come from lymphocytes?

Answer 41

B cells T cells Natural killer cells

Question 42

What can cause lymphocytosis?

Answer 42

Viral infections Bacterial infections Lymphoproliferative disorders