Electrolyte Abnormalities Flashcards
What can cause hypocalcaemia?
Vitamin D deficiency CKD Hypoparathyroidism Rhabdomyolysis Massive blood transfusion Pancreatitis
What are the features of hypocalcaemia?
Tetany
Perioral paraesthesia
Trousseau’s sign
Chvostek’s sign
ECG = Increased QT interval
What is Trousseau’s sign?
Carpopedal spasm when the blood pressure cuff is left on
What is Chvostek’s sign?
Twitching of the facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped
How is hypocalcaemia managed?
IV replacement
What can cause hypercalcaemia?
Hyperparathyroidism
Malignancy
Sarcoidosis
Acromegaly
What are the features of hypercalcaemia?
Stones, moans, groans, bones
Depression Bone pain GI upset Kidney stones Weakness Polyuria Polydipsia
How is hypercalcaemia managed?
Rehydration
Bisphosphonates
What can cause hypomagnesaemia?
Drugs
- diuretics
- PPIs
TPN Diarrhoea Alcohol Hypokalaemia Hypocalcaemia
What are the features of hypomagnesaemia?
Paraesthesia
Tetany
Seizures
Arrhythmias
How is hypomagnesaemia managed?
<0.4 mmol/L = IV replacement
> 0.4 mmol/L = oral replacement
What can cause hypermagnesemia?
CKD
Haemolysis
DKA
Excessive antacids
What are the features of hypermagnesaemia?
Weakness
Confusion
Areflexia
How is hypermagnesemia managed?
Calcium chloride
