Types of Reaction Flashcards
where most organic reactions take place
nucleophiles and electrophiles
forms a bond to the electrophilic center of the electrophile
nucleophilic center
nucleus loving
nucleophile
symbol for nucleophiles
Nu: Nu-
electron loving
electrophile
symbol for electrophile
E+
Reactions can be classified as
acid/base reactions
functional group transformations
carbon-carbon bond formations
can also be classified according to the process or mechanism taking place
reactions
creating complex molecules from simple starting materials – a process which involve many different reactions
synthetic organic chemistry
most reactions in organic chemistry involve what forming bonds to what
electron rich molecules to electron deficient molecules
involves the reaction of an acid with a base to give a salt
acid/base reactions
one functional group can be converted to another
functional group transformations
extremely important to organic chemistry since these are the reactions which allow the chemist to construct complex molecules from simple starting materials
carbon-carbon bond formations
reactions that are named after the scientist that developed them
Grignard and Aldol reactions
is an organometallic chemical reaction in which carbon alkyl, allyl, vinyl, or aryl magnesium halides (Grignard reagent) are added to the carbonyl groups of either an aldehyde or ketone
grignard reaction
unites two carbonyl compounds to form a β-hydroxy-carbonyl product
aldol reaction
another way to categorize reactions is to group similar of these together, depending on the process or mechanism involved
reactions
reaction category of alkenes and alkynes
electrophilic addition
reaction category of aromatic
electrophilic substitution
reaction category of aldehydes and ketones
nucleophilic addition
reaction category of carboxylic acid and its derivatives
nucleophilic substitution
reaction category of alkyl halides/alcohol
elimination
reaction category of Alkenes, alkynes, aromatic,aldehydes, ketones, nitriles, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic acid derivatives
reduction
reaction category of Alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes
oxidation
reaction category of Carboxylic acids, phenols, amines
acid/base reactions
occur when an unsaturated reactant becomes a saturated product
addition reaction
determine the type of organic reactions in ppt
grade yourself accordingly
commonly undergo addition reactions (3 reactions)
C=C
CΞC
C=O
breaks when addition reaction occurs, leaving σ bonds intact
π bond
occurs when a saturated reactant becomes an unsaturated product
elimination reaction
reverse of addition reaction
elimination reaction
typically eliminated in an elimination reaction (2 examples)
H and Halogen Atom
H and OH group
forms and are the driving force for an elimination reaction
HCl (g)
H2O
occurs when an atom or group from an added reagent substitutes for one attached to a carbon in the organic reagent
substitution reaction
at which substitution may be saturated or unsaturated, and X and Y can be many atoms
C atom
can be organized into five classes based on structural change: substitution, elimination, rearrangement, and oxidation-reduction (redox)
organic reactions
involve the reorganization of atoms within a molecule
rearrangement
involve exchanging C-H for C-X bonds or vice versa
Redox reactions
involve the exchange of one group for another
substitution reactions
involves the use of an electron-poor reagent (or precursor to an electrophile), the organic substrate acts as an nucleophile
electrophilic substitution
involves the use of an electron-rich reagent (or precursor to a nucleophile),, the organic substrate acts as an electrophile
nucleophilic substitution
involve the incorporation of the atoms of one molecule into another. The atoms of the reagent add across the two atoms of a π bond in the organic substrate
addition reactions
involves the use of an electron-poor reagent (or precursor to an electrophile), the organic substrate acts as an nucleophile
electrophilic addition
determine the types of substitution reactions
grade yourself accordingly
determine the types of addition reactions
grade yourself accordingly
example of typical nucleophiles
oxygen
nitrogen
sulfur
water
alcohol
phenols
thymines
thiolds
carboxylates
involves the use of an electron reagent (or precursor to a nucleophile), the organic substrate acts an electrophile
nucleophilic addition
example of electrophiles
H3O
BF3
AlCl3
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
why is iodine not typically used in ochem reactions
weak electrophile, too unreactive
why is fluorine not typically used in ochem reactions
too reactive
involves the expulsion of a small molecule with
formation of a π bond. Every elimination is the reverse of an addition reaction, and vice versa
elimination reactions
involve the reorganization of atoms within a molecule
rearrangement reactions
May take place in a single elementary step
rearrangement
involve an exchange of C – H for C -X bonds (oxidation) or vice versa (reduction) with a noncommitant reduction or oxidation in the reagent respectively.
oxidation
exchange of C-H for C-X bonds (reduction/oxidation)?
oxidation
exchange of C-X bonds with C-H (reduction/oxidation)
reduction
which is more electronegative, X or H?
X
determine the type of reaction (3 numbers)
grade yourself accordingly
depict flow or electrons, now atoms
curved arrow diagrams
where does the source of the arrow be
electrons
source electrons can be
bond
lone pair
radical
target of electrons
atoms/nuclei
Broadly speaking, reactions are transfer of electrons from ____ to
electron dense groups (nucleophiles)
electron deficient ones (electrophiles)
have lone pair of electrons or C = C bond
nucleophiles
have formal positive charge or partial positive charge via bond dipole
electrophiles
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