Types Of Learning Flashcards
Habit
An action that is performed repeatedly until it becomes automatic
Habituation
A decrease in response to stimulus after repeated presentations
Dishabituation
Occurs when a previously habituated stimulus is removed. The person is no longer accustomed to the stimulus. If presented again, person will react as if it was a new stimulus or respond more strongly than before
Sensitization
Opposite of habituation. An increase in responsiveness due to a repeated application of a stimulus or a particularly aversive or noxious stimulus. The stimulus produced a more exaggerated response
Associative learning
A process of learning in which one event, object or action is directly connected with another. Examples are classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov. Dogs salivate at the sound of s ringing bell. Stimulus food AND bell, response eventually was salivating at the sound of a bell. When two stimuli are paired in such a way that the response to one of the stimuli changes
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that doesn’t initially elicit any intrinsic response. (Sound of the bell prior to the experiment)
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that elicits and unconditional response. (Presentation of the food(US) and salvation of the dog(UR))
Conditioned stimulus
Originally a neutral stimulus(bell) that is paired with a unconditioned stimulus(food) until it can produce the conditioned response(salivation) without the unconditioned stimulus (food)
Conditioned response
The learned response to the conditioned stimulus. Same as the unconditioned response but occurs without the unconditioned stimulus. Ex: salivation at the sound of the bell
Acquisition
The process of learning the conditioned response. Time when bell and food are paired
Extinction
When conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are no longer paired, so the conditioned response stops occurring. If sound is presented to the dogs over and over without ever being paired with food, dogs will eventually stop salivating
Spontaneous recovery
When an extinct conditioned response occurs again when the the conditioned stimulus is presented after some period of time
Generalization
When stimuli other than original conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response. So a chime or doorbell instead of the original bell
Discrimination
Opposite of generalization. Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is differentiated from other stimuli
Taste aversion
Eating a food and becoming ill causes a strong aversion to that food. Short acquisition phase, long extinction phase
Operant conditioning
BF Skinner. Uses reinforcement(pleasurable consequences) and punishment (unpleasant consequences) to mold behavior and cause associative learning
Reinforcement
Anything that will increase the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated; the behavior is supported by a reinforcement
Better than punishment because it tells what to do instead of what not to do
Positive reinforcement
A positive stimulus that occurs immediately following a behavior. Food pellet dropped when the rat pushed the lever. Rat repeated desired behavior
ADDS
Negative reinforcement
A negative stimulus that is REMOVED immediately following a behavior. Negative shock being removed was the negative reinforcement. Caused rat to push lever to remove undesirable stimulus
SUBTRACTS
Part of the brain associated with positive conditioning
Hippocampus
Part of the brain associated with negative conditioning
Amygdala
Primary (unconditioned) reinforcer
Satisfying or desirable. Integral to survival. Don’t need to learn to see as reinforcers, already do
Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer
Those learned to be reinforcers. Musts be paired with a primary reinforcer
Fixed ratio schedule (intermittent reinforcement schedule)
Provides reinforcement after a set number of instances of the behavior. Rat pushed level rapidly to get food if it only comes out every 29 times
Variable-ratio schedule (intermittent reinforcement schedule)
Provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of occurrences**. Example is gambling
Fixed interval schedule (intermittent reinforcement schedule)
Provides reinforcement after a set period of time that is constant. Behavior increases as the interval comes to an end. Knowing boss only walks by at the top of every hour so worker becomes more effective at that time
Variable interval schedule (intermittent reinforcement schedule)
Provides reinforcement after an inconsistent amount of time**. Produces slow steady behavior response rate. So employee works at a steady effluent manner
Shaping
Is a way learn more complex behaviors by breaking them down and reinforcing the pieces of a puzzle until the whole behavior is strung together
Punishment
The process by which a behavior is followed by a consequence that DECREASES the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Positive punishment
The application, or pairing, of a negative stimulus with a behavior. Example: cadet speaking out of turn in bootcamp= 20 push-ups
ADDS
Negative punishment
Removal of a reinforcing stimulus after the behavior has occurred. Example child getting grounded and losing TV privilege
SUBTRACTS
Escape-type of operant learning
An individual learns to get away from an adverse stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior. Ex: child throws temper tantrum so she doesn’t have to eat vegetables. Parents by not making them eat the food, child knows they can do it again.
Avoidance -type of operant learning
When a person performs a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus is not presented. Child sees mom is making veggies, fakes an illness so mom sends them to bed and they don’t have to eat the veggies
Nonassociative learning
When an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus. Learning that occurs in the absence of associating specific stimuli or events. Two important types are habituation and sensitization.
Behaviorism
All psychological phenomena I explained by describing the observable antecedents of behaviors and its consequences. Behaviorism is not concerned with the unobservable events occurring in the mind. Skinner, brain is a black box
Cognitive psychology
A reaction to behaviorism. Researchers began to focus on the brain cognitions and their effect on how people navigate the world.
Insight learning
The term used to describe when previously learned behaviors are suddenly combined in unique ways. For a child to behaviors of sliding on the belly and using a grabbing tool for previously reinforced because he got the toy you wanted each time. A new situation was presented in the toy was out of reach under the bed and he was able to combine previous reinforce behavior in the novel way on his own to attain the desired outcome.
Latent learning
Something is learn but not expressed as an observable behavior until it is required. For example if a child in school always receives a ride to school from his dad he may lately learn the route to school even though he never demonstrates the knowledge. One day when his dad is on a business trip the child is able to navigate to school along the same route by bike
Consolidation
When short term memory is converted into long-term memory
Long-term potentiation
Occurs when, following brief periods of stimulation, an increase in the synaptic strength between two neurons leads to stronger electrochemical responses to a given stimuli
Long-term memory storage
New synaptic connections between neurons, permanent changes in pre-and post synaptic membrane, and a permanent increase or decrease in neurotransmitter synthesis.
Innate
Things we know how to do instinctively not because someone taught us to do them.
Observational learning/social learning/vicarious learning
Learning through watching and imitating others
Modeling
An observer sees the behavior being performed by another person. later with the model in mind, the observer imitates the behavior he observed
Albert Bandura
A pioneer in the field of observational learning. Conducted a series of experiments using a Bobo doll. Show children videos of adults behaving aggressively towards the dog or ignoring them altogether. The children tended to imitate the behavior they saw
Mirror neurons
There are several hypotheses about them.some believe that they are activated by connecting the site in action of movement. Some believe that they help us understand the actions of others and help us to learn through invitation. Some also believe that they are responsible for vicarious emotions such as Empathy in that a problem in the mirror neuron system my underlie disorders such as autism
